- Duwamish (tribe)
infobox ethnic group
group = Duwamish
caption =
poptime =About 253 (1854);
about 400 enrolled members (1991), about 500 (2004). [(1) Gibbs ( [1877] , 1967)
(1.1) D'Wamish on the Lake Fork of the D'Wamish River, 152; Sa-ma-mish (Sammamish) and S'kel-tehl-mish on the D'Wamish Lake (now Lake Washington) and environs, 101. These are the treaty-era names as they appeared. For simplicity, they are not otherwise mentioned in the article.
(2) Cf. Boyd (1999)] Roxberger in Davis (1994), pp. 172–3]
popplace =MetropolitanSeattle, Washington
langs =SouthernLushootseed , English
rels =Many Indigenous orRoman Catholic
related =Suquamish , Sammamish, Snoqualmie; ancestral "Dxw'Dəw?Abš", "the People of the Inside", and "Xacuabš" "the People of the Large Lake" (before mid-1850s).Coast Salish The Duwamish tribe (pronounced|dxʷdɐwʔabʃ in Lushootseed) is a Native American tribe in westernWashington , and the indigenous people of metropolitan Seattle. The Duwamish tribe today includes the People of the Inside, for Elliott Bay environs today; and the People of the Large Lake, for those around Lake Washington of today. By language, the Duwamish are (Skagit-Nisqually) Lushootseed Salish. Adjacent tribes throughout thePuget Sound -Strait of Georgia basin were interconnected and interrelated, yet distinct. The people have been living in what is now metropolitan Seattle since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 B.C.E.—10,000 years ago).Names
Among the changes with increasing contact, names changed along with tribal societies. The Duwamish tribe of today continues to evolve both culturally and ethnically and seeks full Federal recognition. Its present form and name developed in parallel with the times of the
Treaty of Point Elliott and its aftermath in the 1850s (when the name was the Duwamish tribe). Before intense contact, the Duwamish tribe was the People of the Inside (for Elliott Bay environs today), and the People of the Large Lake (for those around Lake Washington), in the local language. See also # More about names, below.The
Duwamish River is an Anglicization through at least a couple derivations from the Native name for the People of the Inside. The name "Seattle" is an Anglicization of the most famous Duwamish leader,Chief Seattle , from "si'áb" Si'ahl, "high status man Si'ahl". Who he was, what he did, and what he said are complex and enigmatic. Even his name has multiple interpretations. Further, Coast Salish did not have permanent political offices or formal political institutions that were understood by Whites.People
The role of the most famous of the Duwamish,
Chief Seattle (b. c. 1784, d. 1866), is complex and enigmatic. [Buerge (n.d.)] During the life of Chief Seattle, the Duwamish became called Duwamish, from being the People of the Inside and People of the Large Lake. People and history are so intermixed that some of history will accompany descriptions of people here, with history in the following sections.Some members of the tribe joined and moved onto other reservations after the signing of the
Treaty of Point Jordan (1855).Lakw'alas (Speer) (2004-07-22)] A Duwamish reservation was blocked in 1866. The commitments made by the United States government in the Point Elliott Treaty have not yet been met. [(1) Lakw'alas (2004-07-22)
(2) Anna(2001-01-24), Essay 2955)] Unlike many other Northwest Coast indigenous groups, many Duwamish did not move to reservation lands, yet still retain much of their cultural heritage. In recent decades notable elders are recovering and younger members are further developing that heritage. [(0) Summaries of some representative people needed, with . Green is one starting point.
(1) Green (2001-07-26)
(2) cite web
last =
first =
date =
year =
month =
url=http://www.duwamishtribe.org/html/design_concept.html
title ="The Longhouse"
work =
publisher =Duwamish Tribe
accessdate =2006-04-21]Wives of si'áb Si'ahl
Si'ahl had two wives and seven children. Some of the family tree of Chief Seattle is known today.Lake John Along with
Princess Angeline , Lake John and his family onLake Union in the 1880s are among the few late-19th century "Dkhw'Duw'Absh" (Duwamish) individuals about whom a little is known.He is found in archives as
Cheshiahud or Cheslahud, Lake John Cheshiahud, or Chudups John. He is Chudups John, also called Lake Union John, who was one of the few Duwamish people who didn't move from Seattle to the Port Madison Reservation [or other reservations] , inUniversity of Washington (UW) image archives. He and his family lived onPortage Bay , part of Lake Union, when a lyrical phote was taken c. 1885. [cite web
last =
first =
coauthors =
date =c. 1885
year =
month =
url =http://content.lib.washington.edu/cgi-bin/viewer.exe?CISOROOT=/loc&CISOPTR=74
title ="Chudups John and others in a canoe on Lake Union, Seattle, ca. 1885"
format = JPEG from silver gelatin print
work =Seattle Historical Society Collection
publisher =University of Washington Digital Collections
accessdate =2006-06-06
Negative Number: SHS 2228, Museum of History and Industry, Seattle [http://seattlehistory.org] .] According to the Duwamish Tribe, Lake John had a cabin and potato patch at the foot of Shelby Street (eitherWest Montlake Park or Roanoake neighborhood, Portage Bay), as late as 1900 on land given him by pioneer David Denny (or property purchased—seeCheshiahud ) . [(1) cite web
last =
first =
coauthors =
date =
year =
month =
url =http://duwamishtribe.org/html/lake_john.html
title ="Lake John"
work =
publisher =Duwamish Tribe
accessdate =2006-04-21
Content is courtesy of the Museum of History and Industry, [http://seattlehistory.org] .
(2) Or on land bought. (2.1) Talbert (2006-05-01)] Photographer Orion O. Denny recorded Old Tom and Madeline, c. 1904, further noted in the archives of the UW as Madeline and Old John, also known as Indian John or Cheshishon, who had a house on Portage Bay in the 1900s, south of what is now the UW campus. [Denny (c. 1904)] This was although Native people had been prohibited from residence in Seattle since the mid-1860s.Lange & Tate (1998-11-04)]Old Tom and Madeline at their house on Portage Bay across from where the University of Washington campus is today. Old Tom was also known as Indian John or Cheshishon, so they are likely also Lake John Cheshiahud and Tleboletsa.
Salmon Bay Charlie
Hwehlchtid (Salmon Bay Charlie) of the "shill-shohl-AHBSH" lived in the village of "shill-SHOHL" on the southern shore of what is now Salmon Bay, and was very loath to leave. Charlie and his wife Chilohleet'sa (Madelline) remained in their traditional homeland long after others of their tribe had moved away. In about 1905, long-time "Seattle Times" photographers Ira Webster and Nelson Stevens captured an evocative image of Salmon Bay Charlie's house at Shilshole with a canoe anchored offshore. [Webster & Stevens (c. 1905)] (See
Society
Prior to the 1850s—the times of the Inside People and the Lake People—there is very little information, for a mix of reasons. Societal descriptions are a snapshot illustrating structures in the second quarter of the 19th century and a little after. Local contact and changes began accelerating greatly from 1833.
Each village had one or more cedar plank longhouse ("khwaac'ál'al" or "syúdəbàl?txw") containing extended families in a social structure that foreshadowed Villages were usually located facing a beach and body of water or river navigable by canoe, near a creek and drinking water source. Beyond the diffuse villages and anthropogenic The People of the Inside and the People of the Large Lake ("Dkhw'Duw'Absh" and "Xacuabsh", today Duwamish), like other Salish, were more a collection of villages linked by language and family ties than like a European model.Anderson & Green (2001-05-27)] Relationships and stature among family and community were important measures or goals in life. Traditionally there was no recognized permanent political leadership. Native Americans in general, and Coast Salish in particular, just didn't do things in ways that White people expected or would readily understand. Native social structures (and economics) drove Whites to distraction. The People of the Inside, the People of Lake Washington (the Large Lake), the People of Lake Sammamish (the Sammamish tribe) and to a little lesser exent, the People of the Snoqualmie (the Snoqualmie tribe) were all closely interrelated in something like a daisy chain—plus the Trading relationships and privileges were extensive between peoples of the entire Cascadia region, including over the passes to what is now Eastern Washington. Relationships and trade were often cemented with the world-wide practice of intermarriage. Villages were linked to others through intermarriage, which also carried status and trading privileges; the wife usually went to live at the husband's village. While each extended family village might have their own customs, there are enough commonalities, particularly in language but also including philosophical beliefs, economic conditions, and ceremonial practices to link them together.cite web Society was divided into upper class, lower class, and slaves, all largely hereditary. Nobility was based on impeccable genealogy, inter-tribal kinship, wise use of resources, and possession of esoteric knowledge about the workings of spirits and the spirit world, making an effective marriage of class, secular, religious, and economic power. Like some other Native American Nations, the People of the Inside and the People of the Large Lake ("Dkhw'Duw'Absh" and "Xacuabsh", today Duwamish) Coast Salish made their free-born look different by mothers carefully shaping the heads of their young babies, binding them with cradle boards just long enough to produce a steep sloping forehead. [Miller (1996)] There was little political organization that was understood by Europeans. The highest-ranking appropriate male would assume the role of ceremonial leader for some timely purpose, but rank could be variable and was determined by different standards. Seasons There were numerous villages in just the Seattle metro area as well as the In spring, During the long wet winter and early spring, the diet of dried fish and berries was supplemented by hunting ducks, beaver, muskrat, racoon, otter, and bear. Winters were for construction and repair, for the arts, socializing and ceremonies, and for stories in a rich oral tradition. Life was, however, not quite idyllic. Northern Coast Salish and History What is now Seattle has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 B.C.E.—10,000 years ago). [Talbert (2006-05-01)] Sites at what is now called West Point in Discovery Park, Magnolia date to at least 4,000 years B.P. (before present). Villages at the then-mouth of the Seattle before the City of Seattle Thirteen prominent villages were in what is now the City of Seattle. All the people living around Elliott Bay, the Duwamish, Black and Cedar Rivers were collectively known as the "doo-AHBSH", People of the "Doo" ("Inside"). On what is now Elliott Bay and the then-estuarial lower Duwamish River were four prominent villages. Before civil engineering, the area had extensive tidelands, abundantly rich in seafoods. [Speidel (1967)] All the people living around Lake Washington were collectively known as "hah-choo-AHBSH" or "hah-chu-AHBSH" or "Xacuabš", People of "HAH-choo" or "Xachu", "People of a Large Lake" or "Lake People". Note that initially at the time of major European contact, these people considered themselves related but distinct from the People of the Inside (the "Dkhw'Duw'Absh"). The lake drained out the Black River in what is now Renton. The Black River joined the Cedar and White (now Green) rivers to become the Duwamish River and empty into what is now called southeast Elliott Bay. [(1) Dorpat (May 2005, Essay 3380) Contact and rapid change From the 1800s, effects of the maritime fur trade in the By the time Coast Salish began to realize the implications of the changes brought by Europeans at ever-increasing rates, the time was late. After just five years, lands were occupied; the The Treaty of Point Elliott The treaty was signed on The treaty contains the now-famous provision cited by Judge Boldt 118 years later: The treaty contains provisions that would raise concern by an attorney in the employ of the Natives at the treaty negotiations. Implementation of the treaty Due to a documented mix of motivations, Territorial Governor "The salient features of the policy outlined [by Governor Stevens to the advisers] were as follows::1. To concentrate the Indians "upon a few reservations", and encourage them to cultivate the soil and adopt settled and civilized habits.:2. To pay for their lands "not in money", but "in annuities" of blankets, clothing, and useful articles "during a long term of years".:3. To furnish them with schools, teachers, farmers and farming implements, blacksmiths, and carpenter, with shops of those trades.:4. To "prohibit" wars and "disputes" among them.:5. To abolish slavery.:6. To stop "as far as possible" the use of liquor.:7. As the change from savage to civilized habits must necessarily be gradual, they were to "retain the right of fishing at their accustomed fishing-places, and of hunting, gathering" berries and roots, and pasturing stock on unoccupied land "as long as it remained vacant".:8. At "some future time", when they should have become fitted for it, the lands of the reservations were to be "allotted to them in severalty"." [Emphasis added] [(1) Stevens, Hazard (son) (1901). "Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens", Volume 1 of 2. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, Copyright expired. Note that these goals are significantly different from the verbal assurances provided during negotiations, and that all the Native Nations were oral cultures. After the Treaty After the Treaty, many Duwamish moved to the Port Madison Reservation, some to the The name "Seattle" for the city (c. 1863) [Speidel (1978)] is an Anglicization of "si'áb " Si'ahl, the "Dkhw'Duw'Absh" (Duwamish) chief ("si'áb", high status man); the naming is attributed to 'Doc' Maynard, a complex figure, with From 1855, Congress neglected to meet the Point Elliott Treaty commitments to the Duwamish and surrounding tribes. In the mid 1860s the Superintendent of Indian Affairs proposed a Duwamish Indian Reservation along the White and Green River Valleys. In 1866, some 152-170 King County settlers petitioned The Duwamish Tribe adopted a constitution and further structure in 1925 (see Recent history, above). The Duwamish were party to land claims against the federal government in the 1930s, 1950s, following the In June 1988, 72 descendants of Washington settlers reversed their ancestors and petitioned the Bureau of Indian Affairs in support of federal recognition of the Duwamish tribe. The signers were members of the Pioneer Association of the State of Washington, which maintains Pioneer Hall in Madison Park as a meeting hall and archive of pioneer records. [Wilma (2001-01-24), Essay 2956] In the mid 1990s proposals were made in Congress to extinguish further efforts by unrecognized tribes. Success or continued failure tends to drift with the national mood and leanings of Congress. Effectively, recognition turns upon whether or not the mood of Congress is philosophically opposed to honoring treaties, at least with Native Americans. Occasionally tribes succeed, in such as with the Duwamish Tribe federal recognition chances hinge, in large part, on proving they have "continually maintained an organized tribal structure since their ancestors signed treaties with the United States in the 1850s." The According to Russel Barsh, attorney for the Samish, one of the unrecognized tribes, "the Samish proved in a hearing that Judge Boldt's decision against these tribes was based on incomplete and erroneous evidence." This would argue for allowing an appeal of the decision. [(1) Shukovsky ( U.S. District Judge George Boldt (1903-1984) found in 1979 that the tribe had not existed continuously as an organized tribe (within the meaning of federal law) from 1855 to the present, and was therefore ineligible for treaty fishing rights. A gap in the record from 1915-1925 prompted Boldt's decision. The tribe has continued seeking recognition ever since. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) denied recognition in 1996. The tribe assembled additional evidence for its active existence through the decade in question, which prompted the Bureau of Indian Affairs to reverse its 1996 decision. Evidence was assembled from Catholic church records, news reports, oral histories, and further tracing of bloodlines. Ken Tollefsen, a retired The Duwamish Tribe won federal recognition in January 2001, success in that struggle since the 1970s, and a step toward implementation of treaty rights pending for 150 years. [Castro & Barber (2001-01-20)] The ruling was voided with the next Administration, citing procedural errors. [(1) Eskenazi (2002-05-14) Recent history Led by Bob Satiacum (Puyallup), United Indians founder Bernie Whitebear (Colville Confederated Tribes) and other Native Americans invaded and occupied then-active Fort Lawton, which was originally Indian land, by scaling fences and by scaling the bluffs from the beach (March, 1970). The base had been declared surplus by the Department of Defense. By the Treaty of Point Elliott, the United Indians of All Tribes presented a claim to all lands that might be declared surplus. After worldwide interest, long negotiations and Congressional intervention, an eventual result was construction and a 99-year renewable lease with the City of Seattle for a 17 acre site adjacent to the new A Duwamish tribal constitution and bylaws were established in 1925. Cecile Hansen has been the elected chair of the Duwamish Tribe since 1975, as well as a founder and the current president of Duwamish Tribal Services. Cecile Hansen is the great great grandniece of Chief Seattle, "si'áb" Si'ahl of the "Dkhw'Duw'Absh" and "Xacuabsh", ancestors of the Duwamish Tribe. The Tribe established Duwamish Tribal Services in 1983 as a non-profit 501 [c] 3 organization to provide social and cultural services to the Duwamish Tribal community. [cite web James Rasmussen of the Duwamish Tribe has been a leader since 1980 in efforts to restore the Duwamish River, together with citizens groups and the Tribe. Accomplishments include gaining federal Superfund Site status for the last five miles (8 km) of the river from Turning Basin and Herring House Park. The lower Duwamish was the former concentration of "Dkhw'Duw'Absh" (Duwamish) villages before substantial European contact. The most contaminated spots will be dredged and capped, largely c. 2007, overseen by the As part of identity and heritage, fundraising has been ongoing for the Duwamish Tribe longhouse cultural center to be built on purchased land across the way from Terminal 107 Park, site of a venerable former village called "yee-LEH-khood", (see Downtown and lower Duwamish River). [(1) Nodell (2002-09-01) The Renton Historical Museum [http://www.rentonhistory.org/] has a small exhibit on the archaeological and cultural history of the Duwamish Tribe. [Payton] Tribal membership criteria vary by tribe. For the Duwamish, in accordance with Salish tradition, enrollment is by the applicant providing a documented genealogy. Consequently, not all Duwamish today are members of the Duwamish Tribe. The Duwamish Tribe recorded about 400 enrolled members (1991) and about 500 (2004). The tribe is of moderate size with respect to moderately-sized federally-recognized Washington tribes. More about names Duwamish (from "Dxw'Dəw?Abš" or "Dkhw'Duw'Absh", the People of the Inside) is a Native American tribe in western The Duwamish language, Southern Lushootseed, belongs to the The UW: Digital Collections See also * * Notes and references Bibliography "Includes the sources referenced in Further reading * [http://coastsalishmap.org/start_page.htm "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound"] . Particularly useful
Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.
last =
first =
coauthors =
date =2003-07-04 per [http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/exhibit/exhibitDetail.asp?WHEN=PAST&eventID=2926 "Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight"]
year =
month =
url=http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/Learn/Teach/SongStorySpeech/Content/SalishArtCulture.htm
title ="The people and their land"
work ="Puget Sound Native Art and Culture"
publisher =Seattle Art Museum
accessdate =2006-04-21] [Suttle & Lane (1990-08-20), pp. 491–4] The entry and beam architecture of the Salmon House Restaurant (1969, restaurateur
(1.1) "dzəlíxw", l is "barred l", voiceless lateral alveolar fricative. [Ibid.] ]
last =
first =
coauthors =
date =2003-07-04 per [http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/exhibit/exhibitDetail.asp?WHEN=PAST&eventID=2926 "Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight"]
year =
month =
url =http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/Learn/Teach/SongStorySpeech/Content/SalishArtCulture.htm
title ="The people and their land"
work ="Puget Sound Native Art and Culture"
publisher =Seattle Art Museum
accessdate =2006-04-21] The central and southern part of
(2) Cole & Chaikin (1990)]
(1.1) Dailey (2006-06-14)]
(2) Talbert (2006-05-01)] With the ever-increasing European contact, the People of the Large Lake and the People of the Inside ("hah-choo-AHBSH", "Xacuabš", and "doo-AHBSH", "Dkhw'Duw'Absh") became known today as the people represented by the Duwamish Tribe. [Source for detail of the entire section with the heading of "Seattle before the City of Seattle" is per Dailey (2006-06-14), plus additional individual references noted.]
(2) Miller in Hoxie (1996), p. 575] White settlements at "sbuh-KWAH-buks" (Alki) and what is now
(2) Morgan (1951, 1982), pp. 11–57; 41, 54] ARTICLE 5.
The right of taking fish at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the Territory,
(1.1) NB: Referenced in cite web
last =
first =
coauthors =
date =
year =
month =
url =http://washingtonhistoryonline.org/treatytrail/treaties/entourage.htm
title ="Treaties and Councils: Stevens' Entourage"
work =The Treaty Trail: U.S. - Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest
publisher =Washington State History Museum
accessdate =2006-07-21]
(2.1) Lakw'alas (Speer) (, 2004-07-22, 2004)
(2.2) Castro & Barber (2001-01-20)]
Seattle waterfront at Washington Street c. 1890–1892, with Indian canoes moored at the boat launch. A steam launch and two small sailboats are seen, as well as a crowd on the pier.
(2) Wilma (2001-01-29), Essay 2956]
"Steilacoom" in Davis (1994), p. 617] In the mid 1980s the BIA concluded that since the Duwamish Indians have no land, they cannot be recognized as a "tribe". Individually, the Duwamish people continue to be recognized by the BIA as legal Native Americans, but not corporately as a tribe.
(2) Crowley & Wilma (2003-02-23), Essay 5282
(3) Brown ( [1970] , 2001). Note: The Samish Tribe regained Federal Recognition on April 26, 1996, due to the efforts of Russel Barsh. This was the result of over two decades of legal action to overturn a clerical error that effected all the unrecognized tribes, that are seeking Federal recognition. See [http://www.samishtribe.nsn.us/ the Samish tribe website] ]
(2) Shukovsky (2002-05-11)]
(2) McRoberts & Oldham (2003-08-15)]
last = | first = | coauthors =
date = | year = | month =
url =http://duwamishtribe.org/html/about_us.html
title ="About us"
work =
publisher =DuwamishTribe.org
accessdate =2006-04-21] Hansen has been dedicated to gaining treaty rights for the Duwamish Tribe. [(1) Long (
(2) Kamb (These salmon and critters here are my brothers and my cousins. I care about them that much. And our ancestors are still here. They see what's going on, and they hold you responsible. [(1) Ith & Reese (2004-10-03) (2) Rasmussen, quoted in Ith (2004-10-01)]
(2) Kamb (2004-03-29)
(3) cite web
last =
first =
date =n.d., 2002 on page
year =
month =
url =http://www.duwamishtribe.org/html/design_concept.html
title ="The Longhouse"
work =
publisher =Duwamish Tribe
accessdate =2006-04-21] The new cultural center and grounds will be along what is now Marginal Way SW, east of what is now Puget Park, and west of the north tip of what is now called Kellogg Island [http://www.seattleurbannature.org/Resources/SWmaps/sw-51.html] (map [http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/public/nmaps/S/NN-1440S.htm] ). [(1) cite web
last =
first =
date =
year =
month =
url=http://www.seattleurbannature.org/Resources/SWmaps/sw-51.html
title ="Kellogg Island"
work =
publisher =
accessdate =2006-04-21
(2)cite web
last =
first =
date =n.d., map .jpgdated c. 2002-06-15
year =
month =
url=http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/public/nmaps/S/NN-1440S.htm
title ="Industrial District"
work =Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas
publisher =Office of the Seattle City Clerk
accessdate =2006-04-21
Maps "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg
(2) Dailey (2006-06-14)]
(2) Suttle & Lane (1990-08-20), pp. 486–7] "Si'áb Si'ahl" was a member of both the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name "Seattle" is an Anglicization of "Si'ahl" ("Si'ahl", "see-YAHTLH"). Chief Seattle was the eminent "high-status man Si'ahl", of the "Dkhw'Duw'Absh" (People of the Inside) and "Dkhw'Suqw'Absh" (Suquamish; Suquamish has no English equivalent beyond People of "Suq'w", from "=abš", people, rather than people who are not other people, "kwaalq"). [(1) "si'áb Si'ahl", "Dkhw'Suqw'Absh" (Suquamish).
(2) Suquamish is also found as IPA2|xʷsəqʷəb, IPA| [suqʼʷábʃ] , IPA| [ʔítakʷbixʷ] , IPA| [ʔitakʷ=bixʷ] .
(2.1) Bates, Hess, & Hilbert (1994) pp. 18, 202, 361, 338] Si'ahl's mother Sholeetsa was of the People of the Inside ("Dkhw'Duw'Absh") and his father Shweabe was "si'ab" of the Suquamish Tribe ("Dkhw'Suqw'Absh"). During the life of Si'ahl, from a young man to the adult he grew into, he earned, and validated his inherited status. As an adult he saw and was among the leaders of his people from the times they were the People of the Inside and the People of the Large Lake to becoming known as the Duwamish tribe.
The "?" is a
"a" is usually like the English "a" in "father", occasionally the "a" in "at".
The IPA| [ɐ] (schwa) is an inverted "a" (rotated 180 degrees); very approximately the vowel in English "but", "of", the first sound of "around" (a
"h" is like the English "h" in "happy" (IPA "voiceless glottal slide").
"kw" is approximately the English "qu" in "quick".
"u" depends on the sounds around it; it can be like the vowels in English "boot" and "boat" (IPA rounded non-low back vowel).
"b", "d", "s" are approximately like English. "š", small s with caron or "s-wedge" is like the English "sh" in "ship".
The hyphen divides modifier prefixes from roots, for dictionary lookup convenience.
(1.1) Bates, Hess, & Hilbert (1994) pp. xii–xiv
(2) IPA pronunciations are "conventionally enclosed in square brackets to signify". Non-English words in the article are italicized, except names of people other than the first instance of "si'áb Si'ahl", since he is namesake for the city of today.
(3.1) IPA2|dxʷ-lɐʔʃútsid and IPA| [dxʷd-ɐwʔabʃ] per Ibid pp. 85, 307, 328.
(3.2) Published words are IPA Northern Lushootseed. "Dkhw'Duw'Absh" Southern Lushootseed can be slightly different.
(3.2.1) Ibid, pp. vii–ix, xi–xiv
(4) "Dkhw'Duw'Absh" per Lakw'alas.
(5) (IPA) pronunciation is provided for these most common names in the article. For most of the rest of the article, approximate pronunciation is provided in a common form for native English speakers. ] English does not have equivalents for half of all the sounds in the language. [Green (2001-07-26)] "Dkhw'Duw'Absh" and "Xacuabsh" are the ancestor people of the Duwamish Tribe today, and the names by which they were known by Lushootseed speaker before overwhelming European contact. (See also # Seattle before the city of Seattle, above. For 500 generations they flourished until newcomers came... much was lost; much was devalued, but much was also hidden away in the hearts of the dispossessed.
Their voices insist upon a hearing and the cumulative wisdom of their long residence in this land offers rich insights to those willing to listen. The challenge now is to find a way to make knowledge of the ancient traditions, the experience of change and the living reality accessible and available.
Excerpt from "Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest: An Introduction" [http://nooksack.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/buerge1.html] by David M. Buerge, at the "American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection" [http://nooksack.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/index.html] , "University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collections" [http://nooksack.lib.washington.edu] .
*
*
* [http://www.duwamishtribe.org/ "Duwamish Tribe"] homepage
* [http://www.duwamishtribe.org/html/culture_and_history.html "Duwamish history and culture"] , Duwamish Tribe
* [http://nooksack.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/thrush.html "The Lushootseed Peoples of Puget Sound Country"] , University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collection
* [http://www.native-languages.org/lushootseed.htm "Lushootseed Salish (Whulshootseed, Puget Sound Salish)"] . Retrieved
Vocabulary, pronunciation, orthography, place names, demography, tribes.
* [http://nooksack.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/miller2.html "Salmon, the Lifegiving Gift"] , University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collections.
