E. Fuller Torrey

Edwin Fuller Torrey, M.D. (b.September 6, 1937, Utica, New York), is an American psychiatrist and schizophrenia researcher. He is Executive Director of the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) and founder of the Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC), a nonprofit organization with the goals of eliminating legal and clinical obstacles to the treatment of severe mental illness. [cite web
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Dr. Torrey has conducted numerous research studies, particularly on possible infectious causes of schizophrenia. He has become well-known as an advocate of the idea that severe mental illness is due to biological factors and not social factors. [Princeton Alumni News, 11/5/2003] He has appeared on national radio and television outlets and written for many newspapers. He has received two Commendation Medals by the U.S. Public Health Service and numerous other awards and tributes. He has been criticized by a range of people, including federal researchers and others for some of his views regarding their poor treatment of the mentally ill and waste of research dollars.cite web
author=Tom Nugent
year=2003
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url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2003/janfeb/features/torrey.html
title=Renegade psychiatrist Fuller Torrey has taken on fiery critics, federal researchers and Freud in a decades-long search for the causes of schizophrenia
publisher=Stanford Alumni Magazine
accessdate=2007-10-02 ] He has also been described as having a black-and-white view of mental illness and as being iconoclastic, dogmatic, single-minded and a renegade. [cite web
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url=http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2002/08/19/hlsa0819.htm
title=Gray matter? A life's work examining mental disorders
publisher=American Medical Association News
accessdate=2007-10-02 ]

Torrey is on the board of the Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC), which describes itself as being "a national nonprofit advocacy organization. [http://www.psychlaws.org] TAC supports involuntary treatment when deemed appropriate by a judge (at the urging of the person's psychiatrist and family members). Torrey has written several best-selling books on mental illness, including "Surviving Schizophrenia".

Education and early career

Torrey earned his bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Princeton University, and his medical doctor's degree from the McGill University School of Medicine. Torrey also earned a master's degree in anthropology from Stanford University, and was trained in psychiatry at Stanford University School of Medicine. At McGill and later at Stanford, he was exposed to a biological approach and recalls that one of his first-year instructors at McGill was Hans Lehman, the first clinician in North America to use the first antipsychotic, chlorpromazine. The medical school was housed next door to the Montreal Neurological Institute, a premier neuroscience center.

Torrey then practiced general medicine in Ethiopia for two years as a Peace Corps physician and in the South Bronx. From 1970 to 1975, he was a special administrative assistant to the NIMH director. He then worked for year in Alaska in the Indian Health Service. He then became a ward physician at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital for the mentally ill in Washington, D.C. for nine years, where he reportedly worked with the most challenging patients and aimed to avoid the use of seclusion or restraints on the acute admission units. He also volunteered at Washington homeless clinics.

tanley Medical Research Institute

Torrey is the founder and Executive Director for Laboratory Research of the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI), a large, private provider of research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the US. SMRI also maintains a collection of postmortem brain tissue from individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression and from unaffected controls, which are made available to researchers without charge.

After reading Torrey's book "Surviving Schizophrenia", Theodore Stanley, a businessman who had made a fortune in direct-mail marketing and whose son had been diagnosed in the late 1980s with bipolar disorder, contacted Torrey and he and his wife provided the funds for the new institute. [http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/specialrpts/braindonors/041017torrey.shtml]

As of 2004 the Stanley Institute had 30 employees and funded half of all U.S. research on bipolar disorder and about a quarter of all schizophrenia research. In 2003 the institute's rapidly growing research budget exceeded $40 million, 74 percent of which was given out to other researchers through grants. [http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/specialrpts/braindonors/041017torrey.shtml] It reports that 75% of its expenditure goes towards the development of new treatments. [http://www.stanleyresearch.org/dnn/Home/tabid/36/Default.aspx]

The Stanley Medical Institute in Bethesda Maryland has collected in excess of 600 brains [http://www.stanleyresearch.org/dnn/Portals/0/Stanley/Introduction%20to%20the%20Stanley%20Brain%20Collection.pdf PDF] In ARCH GEN PSYCHIATRY/VOL 61, NOV 2004, in a report called, "Brain Anatomy in Adults With Velocardiofacial Syndrome With and Without Schizophrenia", SMRI published results of a Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study showing difference in brain structure of people with and without schizophrenia.

The SMRI has been sued for allegedly taking brains for use in research without proper consent. One lawsuit was settled out of court. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/29/AR2005062902923_pf.html] [http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/case/organ_donation.html]

As of 2008 SMRI reports that it is concentrating its resources towards the support of its Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, which plans to scan the entire genome for variants that predispose to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and screen hundreds of thousands of compounds against new molecular targets prior to clinical testing. [http://www.stanleyresearch.org/dnn/CenterforPsychiatricResearch/Overview/tabid/162/Default.aspx]

SMRI reports that it has a close relationship with and is the supporting organization for the Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC). [http://www.stanleyresearch.org/dnn/Home/tabid/36/Default.aspx]

Treatment Advocacy Center

Torrey is a founder of the Treatment Advocacy Center, a national organization that supports outpatient commitment for certain people with mental illness who, in his view of their treatment history and present circumstances, are judged unlikely to survive safely in the community without supervision. TAC has been credited by New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and others with helping pass Kendra's Law in the state. Kendra's Law allows court-ordered involuntary treatment of people diagnosed with schizophrenia or other severe mental illness who have a history of noncompliance with psychiatric advice, i.e., individuals who are, "as a result of his or her mental illness, unlikely to voluntarily participate in the recommended treatment pursuant to the treatment plan." [http://www.omh.state.ny.us/omhweb/Kendra_web/Ksummary.htm] Previously, only inpatient programs were available to submit a person to involuntary treatment. TAC's efforts to pass Kendra's Law led to similar successful passage of Laura's Law in California, and similar laws in Florida and elsewhere. Torrey has testified numerous times in front of Congress.

National Alliance on Mental Illness

Torrey was for many years an active advisor for the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). Parents felt that he spoke up for them when much of the medical establishment had previously held that parenting was responsible for schizophrenia. Torrey helped build NAMI into a powerful political force through campaigning and donating the hardcover royalties from the sale of his book "Surviving Schizophrenia".Winerip, M. (1998) [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E6D9173FF931A15751C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print Schizophrenia's Most Zealous Foe] New York Times, February 22]

Although Torrey, TAC, and NAMI remain aligned, NAMI may have tried to distance itself from TAC in 1998. One source "The Psychiatric Times", reported that TAC was designed from the start to be "a separate support organization with its own source of funding." [http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/p980739.html] According to MindFreedom International, an association of survivors of psychiatric treatment opposed to involuntary treatment, NAMI severed its relationship with TAC because of pressure from groups opposed to Torrey both from within NAMI and outside NAMI. Torrey is, according to MindFreedom, one of 'the most feverishly pro-force psychiatrists in the world'. MindFreedom suggests that the 'links between NAMI and TAC are simply going from overt to covert.'

In response to a Morley Safer 60 Minutes piece in 2002, NAMI provided Torrey with a partial defense of comments made by Torrey on 60 Minutes defending NIMH programs Torrey attacked, such as a study on adolescent romantic relationships and studies on the brains of snails, newts and birds but NAMI stated also Torrey was for 'true recovery'. [http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/E-News/20023/April_20022/NAMI_Condemns_CBS_s_60_Minutes__For__Sound_Bite_Journalism_.htm] .

Torrey was also the keynote speaker at the 23rd annual NAMI convention in 2002. [http://www.psychlaws.org/PressRoom/documents/VitaeEFTNov2005.pdf] .

In 2005, NAMI gave Dr. Torrey a tribute on its 25th Anniversary Celebratory Donor Wall, for those who have donated over $25,000. It called him a groundbreaking researcher, a ferociously resolute advocate, a prominent and admired author of dozens of books and a dedicated practicing clinician, and said that he had "touched the lives of countless NAMI members throughout this nation." [https://www.nami.org/customsource/donation/TorreyTribute.cfm]

NAMI has some continuing links to TAC via their board of directors. One individual, Frederick Frese, is presently on both the NAMI and TAC boards. TAC has two other former NAMI board members on their board and Laurie Flynn, the former NAMI executive director, is part of the TAC Honorary Advisory Committee.Fact|date=August 2008

In 2008, Torrey disagreed with a NAMI view on second-generation antipsychotics and accused the medical director and executive director of failing to disclose conflicts of interest, because they are employees of an organization that receives more than half its budget from pharmaceutical companies. He argued they were not representing the views of many members of NAMI including himself. [Torrey, E.F. (2008) [http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/59/8/935 A Question of Disclosure] Psychiatr Serv 59:935, August 2008 doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.59.8.935]

cientific research and views

In the 1950s, it was commonly thought schizophrenia was caused by 'bad parenting'. The fact that his sister, Rhoda, had been diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1957, and Torrey himself was not, led him to question evidence for this theory. He felt that the view had a toxic effect on their mother. Rhoda subsequently lived for ten years in community supported housing but has spent much of the time for five decades as an inpatient in psychiatric hospital; Fuller has described her as still anything but well, attributing this to her having a severe form of schizophrenia.Moran, M. (2007) [http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/42/13/17 Search for Schizophrenia's Roots Started at Home] Psychiatr News July 6, Volume 42, Number 13, page 17]

Torrey has been a fierce opponent of the influence of Freud and psychoanalysis. He has also argued that psychiatry should focus only on severe mental illness, conceived as neurological disorders, rather than other mental issues that he viewed as non-medical.Mihm, S. (2001) [http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/Schizovirus.html Pet Theory: Do Cats Cause Schizophrenia?] The New York Times Magazine on the Web] [Stevens, L. [http://www.antipsychiatry.org/abolish.htm Why Psychiatry Should Be Abolished as a Medical Specialty] Retrieved on Aug-10-2008]

Torrey was principal investigator of a NIMH Schizophrenia/Bipolar Disorder Twin Study conducted at the Neuroscience center of St Elizabeth's Hospital in the late 1980s/early 1990s, and copublished more than a dozen studies on structural brain differences between affected and unaffected siblings. He differed from his collaborators in arguing that the genetic heritability of schizophrenia was lower than typically estimated. [Torrey, E.G. (1992) Are we overestimating the genetic contribution to schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull. 1992;18(2):159-70. PMID 1621064] A review of Torrey's data analysis, however, suggested he had erroneously compared different sorts of concordance statistics. [McGue M. (1992) When assessing twin concordance, use the probandwise not the pairwise rate. Schizophr Bull. 18(2):171-6. PMID 1621065]

In the early 1970s, Torrey became interested in viral infections as possible causes of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, particularly a parasite toxoplasma gondii found in domestic cats that can lead to Toxoplasmosis. Up to one third of the world's population is estimated to carry a Toxoplasma infection.cite journal |author=Montoya J, Liesenfeld O |title=Toxoplasmosis |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9425 |pages=1965–76 |year=2004 |pmid=15194258 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16412-X] Since then he has published, often with Robert Yolken, more than 30 articles on seasonal variation and possible infectious causes of schizophrenia, focusing especially on Toxoplasma gondii. He is involved in five or six ongoing studies using anti-Toxoplasmosa gondii agents (e.g. antibiotics such as minocycline and azithromycin [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8142504&dopt=Abstract] [http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/41/10/2137] ) as an add-on treatment for schizophrenia. He believes that infectious causes will eventually explain the "vast majority" of schizophrenia cases. Some of his collaborators have disagreed with the emphasis he has placed on infection as a direct causal factor. Many of the research studies on links between schizophrenia and Toxoplasma gondii, by different authors in different countries, are funded and supported by the Stanley Medical Research Institute. The hypothesis is not prominent in current mainstream scientific views on the causes of schizophrenia, although infections may be seen as one possible risk factor that could lead to vulnerabilities in early neurodevelopment in some cases.

Torrey has generally been in favor of antipsychotic drugs. He has claimed that taking antipsychotics reduces the risk of violence, homelessness and prison. He has argued that "noncompliance" in about half of cases of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is due to lack of "insight" into the illness because the part of the brain for self-awareness has been affected; and that in some who are aware it is due to adverse effects ranging from tremors or sedation to sexual dysfunction to substantial weight gain.E. Fuller Torrey [http://www.city-journal.org/html/9_4_a5.html Reinventing Mental Health Care] City Journal, Autumn 1999] He has also reported that at least some antipsychotics cause medical conditions in some people that can be fatal, especially African Americans. [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/160/12/2241] He has also argued that pharmaceutical companies have too much influence over psychiatric organizations and psychiatrists, effectively buying them off. [E. Fuller Torrey (2002) [http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_going_rate_on_shrinks The Going Rate on Shrinks: Big Pharma and the buying of psychiatry] The American Prospect, July 14.]

Torrey has advocated in favor of a flexible well-funded range of community mental health services, including Assertive Community Treatment, clubhouses (staffed by professionals with consumers as members), supported housing and supported employment, emphasizing illness and medication compliance throughout.

Recognition

Dr. Torrey has appeared on national radio and television (outlets like NPR, Oprah, 20/20, 60 Minutes, and Dateline) and has written for many newspapers. He has received a 1984 Special Families Award from NAMI, two Commendation Medals from the U.S. Public Health Service, a 1991 National Caring Award, and a humanitarian award from NARSAD. In 1999, he received a research award from the International Congress of Schizophrenia. In 2005, a tribute to Torrey was included in NAMI's 25th Anniversary Celebratory Donor Wall. [Treatment Advocacy Center [http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/pressroom/Bio1.htm PRESIDENT, E. FULLER TORREY, M.D.] Retrieved on Aug-10-2008]

Criticism

Torrey has criticized many organizations. He has charged the National Institute of Mental Health with not concentrating its resources sufficiently on severe mental illness and directly applicable research; NIMH has disputed his statistics and viewpoint. [http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/39/5/8-a]

Torrey has been charged with acting to limit the voice of those consumers, survivors and ex-patients that he disagrees with, opposing their civil rights and censoring and ridiculing their ideas and those of their supporters. Torrey has been a long-time critic of the Center for Mental Health Services that provides support and advocacy, on the grounds that they support antipsychiatry groups and those opposed to outpatient commitment, claiming they neglect the seriously mentally ill due to a hippie 60s attitude, distributing funds on the basis of other factors such as "community cohesion" and ethnic minority involvement, and being more dysfunctional than the individuals it is supposed to help. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25288801_ITM] He has specifically opposed public funding for the National Empowerment Center, for rejecting the medical model and arguing for a recovery model without necessarily needing medication; it has since lost its funding from the CMHS. [http://www.necwest.org/] Torrey has in general been instrumental in lobbying against, and undermining, community-based consumer projects because they promoted social and experiential recovery and questioned the standard medical model. Consumer organizations have protested that they are already economically disadvantaged and vulnerable to political whim while Torrey and his organizations have rich and powerful backers.McLean, A. (2003) [http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_8/Recovering1-McLean.html Recovering Consumers and a Broken Mental Health System in the United States: Ongoing Challenges for Consumers/ Survivors and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Part II: Impact of Managed Care and Continuing Challenges] International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 58-70.] It has been argued that Torrey and other psychiatric and family member advocates do not necessarily have the same interests as consumers/survivors themselves. Differences in ideology sharpened after the development of NAMI. [McLean, A. (2003). [http://www.psychosocial.com/IJPR_8/Recovering1-McLean.html Recovering Consumers and a Broken Mental Health System in the United States: Ongoing Challenges for Consumers/ Survivors and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. Part I: Legitimization of the Consumer Movement and Obstacles to It.] International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 8, 47-57] In criticizing the New freedom commission on mental health for not recommending forced outpatient medicating, Torrey claimed that stigma against people with mental disorders was largely due to them committing violent acts due to not taking medication, and called the recovery model harmful for sending a cruel message of hope, or implicit blame, to those he believes cannot engage in a recovery process, despite being a laudable long-term vision for the Commission. [Torrey (2003) [http://www.psychlaws.org/PressRoom/stmtNewFreedomCommissionfailssickest.htm Treatment Advocacy Center Statement] Newswire. Retrieved on Aug 12 2008] Torrey hopes to live long enough to see vaccines to prevent many or most cases of schizophrenia.

Although Torrey described family members as "surviving schizophrenia" in his book of that title, in 1997 he said the term "psychiatric survivor" used by ex-patients to describe themselves was just political correctness and he blamed them, along with civil rights lawyers, for the deaths of half a million people due to suicides and deaths on the street. [E. Fuller Torrey (1997) [http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/issue_pdf/edboard_pdf/48/2.pdf Taking Issue: ‘Psychiatric Survivors’ and Non-Survivors] , 48:2 Psychiatric Services 143] His comments elicited a record number of letters in response, some in favour of Torrey but most against. The accusations have been described as inflammatory and completely unsubstantiated, and issues of self-determination and self-identity said to be more complex than Torrey realizes.Reaume G. (2002) Lunatic to patient to person: nomenclature in psychiatric history and the influence of patients' activism in North America. Int J Law Psychiatry. Jul-Aug;25(4):405-26. PMID 12613052 doi:10.1016/S0160-2527(02)00130-9] In the same journal in 1999, Torrey and Miller of the Stanley Foundation Research Progam argued for an incentivised schizophrenia treatment system backed by a credible threat of force, modelled on that used for the fatal infectious disease Tuberculosis; [E. Fuller Torrey, M.D and Judy Miller, B.A. [http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/50/11/1389?ck=nck Can Psychiatry Learn From Tuberculosis Treatment?] Psychiatr Serv 50:1389, November 1999] replies criticized the logic of the analogy and resort to forced drugging rather than developing alliances and understanding, to which Torrey accused the director and members of MindFreedom International of living off federal funds while denying illness and not caring about the mentally ill on the streets and in prisons. [Hughes, W.C. (2001) [http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/52/3/384 Schizophrenia Is Not Contagious] Psychiatr Serv 52:384, March 2001] [ [http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/51/3/393.pdf Letters to psychiatric services journal, March 2001] ]

Torrey has been a vocal critic of the failures of deinstitutionalization and inadequate community mental health services. He has generally linked this to issues of violence, homelessness and medication noncompliance, as well as lack of proper focus by the relevant governmental organizations. [Torrey, E.F. & Zdanowicz, M. (1998) [http://www.psychlaws.org/generalresources/Article2.htm Why deinstitutionalization turned deadly] The Wall Street Journal August 4] He has been accused of gaining influence by sensationalizing and exaggerating the incidence of violence and its link to medication noncompliance, including disseminating unsubstantiated and unreliable statistics. When a California NAMI journal editor included a questioning of Torrey's statistics, the local board glued together the pages [http://www.namiscc.org/newsletters/March01/Sacramento-web.htm] and effectively shut down the journal. Others, while agreeing that public mental health care in the U.S. falls far short of what people with serious psychiatric disorders need and deserve, have argued that Torrey's solutions are outdated and that his book The Insanity Offense is based on unsubtantiated portrayals of certainty on the statistics on violence, outpatient commitment and medication, stigmatizing tens of thousands of people, deeply offending and insulting those who hold views differing from his own, and promulgating one-dimensional solutions. [http://www.miwatch.org/2008/07/the_insanity_offense_by_e_full.html] TAC's attempts to associate violent incidents in the news with lack of medication have been described as wild hyperbole, and the use of the term "assisted treatment" has been described as a euphemism for forced drugging. [Richard Gosden and Sharon Beder, [http://homepage.mac.com/herinst/sbeder/pharm-agenda.html Pharmaceutical Industry Agenda Setting in Mental Health Policies] , Ethical Human Sciences and Services 3(3) Fall/Winter 2001, pp. 147-159.]

Torrey has been criticized by, and has criticized, Thomas Szasz, a libertarian psychiatrist and author of The Myth of Mental Illness who is opposed to involuntary treatment. [Szasz T.(2004) [http://jhp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/44/4/416 Psychiatric Fraud and Force: A Critique of E. Fuller Torrey] J Humanist Psychol 2004;4:416-430. [http://psychrights.org/articles/SzaszonTorrey.pdf PDF] ] [Sullum, J. (2005) [http://www.reason.com/news/show/32186.html+Szasz%2BTorrey%2Binvoluntary+treatment&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=ca& Thomas Szasz Takes on His Critics: Is mental illness an insane idea?] Reason Online, May 2005] Torrey has said he admires Szasz for his outspoken criticisms of many psychiatric practices, including "diagnostic creep" (disease mongering) and the potential for the political abuse of psychiatric labels, but that when it comes to Szasz not seeing schizophrenia as a disease of the brain exactly like Parkinson's and Multiple Sclerosis then he is one of his most vocal critics. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_4_37/ai_n15686645]

Bibliography

* 1968, "Ethical Issues in Medicine: The Role of the Physician in Today's Society", Little, Brown and Co.
* 1972, "The Mind Game: Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists", Emerson Hall. Republished in 1986 as "Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists: The Common Roots of Psychotherapy and Its Future", Harper and Row (paperback) and Jason Aaronson Inc. (hardcover)
* 1974, "The Death of Psychiatry", Chilton, ISBN 0140040382
* 1975, "Why Did You Do That?: Rainy Day Games for a Post-Industrial Society", Chilton, ISBN 0-8019-6143-2
* 1980, "Schizophrenia and Civilization", Jason Aronson Publishers
* 1983, "Surviving Schizophrenia: A Manual for Families, Consumers, and Providers", Harper and Row, ISBN 0-06-095919-3. 2nd edition, 1988; 3rd edition, 1995; 4th edition, 2001; 5th edition, 2006.
* 1983, "The Roots of Treason: Ezra Pound and the Secret of St. Elizabeths", Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, ISBN 0-15-679015-7
* 1986, "Care of the Seriously Mentally Ill: A Rating of State Programs", with Sidney M. Wolfe and Laurie Flynn, ISBN 99917-962-2-3. 2nd edition, 1988; 3rd edition, 1990.
* 1988, "Nowhere to Go: The Tragic Odyssey of the Homeless Mentally Ill", Harper Collins, ISBN 0-06-015993-6
* 1992, "Criminalizing the Seriously Mentally Ill: The Abuse of Jails As Mental Hospitals" (senior author/editor), ISBN 0-7881-4279-8
* 1992, "Freudian Fraud: The Malignant Effect of Freud's Theory on American Thought and Culture", Harper Collins, ISBN 1-929636-00-8
* 1992, "Frontier Justice: The Rise and Fall of the Loomis Gang", North Country Books Inc, ISBN 0-932052-91-6*
* "Schizophrenia and Manic-Depressive Disorder: The Biological Roots of Mental Illness as Revealed by a Landmark Study of Identical Twins" (senior author), with Irving I. Gottesman, Edward H. Taylor, Ann E. Bowler, Perseus Books Group
* 1996, "Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ISBN 0-471-24532-1
* 1998, "Ride with the Loomis Gang", North Country Books, ISBN 978-0925168566
* 2002, "Surviving Manic-Depressive Illness: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families and Providers", Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-08663-2
* 2002, "The Invisible Plague: The Rise of Mental Illness from 1750 to the Present", with Judy Miller, Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-3003-2
* 2005, "Beasts of the Earth : Animals, Humans, and Disease", with Robert H. Yolken, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0-8135-3571-9
* 2006, "Surviving Prostate Cancer: What You Need to Know to Make Informed Decisions", Yale University Press
* 2008, "The Insanity Offense: How America's Failure to Treat the Seriously Mentally Ill Endangers Its Citizens", W.W. Norton

ee also

* Treatment Advocacy Center

References

External links

* [http://www.dbsalliance.org/Media/NewsReleases/60minsResponse.html DBSAlliance.org] - 'Responding to Charges Made on CBS’ "60 Minutes", Leading Mental Health Groups Support National Institute of Mental Health', Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (April 23, 2002)
* [http://www.mindfreedom.org/kb/mental-health-abuse/brain-experiment/psychiatric-drug-implants/coalition-of-100-mental-health-advocacy-groups-condemns-psychiatric-drug-implants/ mindfreedom.org] - 'Mind control implants are now a science fact, not science fiction: University of Pennsylvania developing implantable discs that slowly release neuroleptics up to a year', MindFreedom International (June 1, 2002)
* [http://www.psychlaws.org/PressRoom/Bio1.htm Psychlaws.org] - 'E. Fuller Torrey, M.D. President' (Biography), Treatment Advocacy Center
* [http://www.psychlaws.org/GeneralResources/article65.htm Psychlaws.org] - 'Washington's Best and Brightest: Roots of Mental Illness - E. Fuller Torrey, Psychiatrist', John Pekkanen, "The Washingtonian" (December 2001)
* [http://www.schizophrenia.com/newsletter/398/398torrey.htm Schizophrenia.com] - 'Schizophrenia's Most Zealous Foe - Dr. E. Fuller Torrey' (excerpt), Michael Winerip, "New York Times" (February 22, 1998)
* [http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/363609p-309552c.html NYDailyNews.com] - 'Does this explain that crazy lady in Apt. 5B?' Jordan Lite, "New York Daily News" (November 9, 2005)
* [http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0105.torrey.html WashingtonMonthly.com] - 'Bird Brains: While 2.3 million Americans suffer from bipolar disorder, the National Institute of Mental Health is studying how pigeons think', E. Fuller Torrey, M.D., "Washington Monthly" (May, 2001)