Andrei Amalrik

Andrei Alekseevich Amalrik (Russian:Андрей Алексеевич Амальрик) (May 12 1938 Moscow - November 12 1980), alternatively spelled "Andrei" or "Andrey", was a Russian writer and dissident.

Amalrik was best known in the Western world for his essay, "Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?"

He was one of the founders of the Soviet Democratic Movement.cite journal
first =Anthony | last =Austin | year =1982 | month =July 11
title =The Life of a Zek "(Book review of "Notes of a Revolutionary")"
journal =New York Times
url =http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E4DF103BF932A25754C0A964948260]

Early life

Amalrik was born in Moscow on May 12, 1938, during the time of Stalin's purges.

When the Soviet revolution broke out, Andrei's father, then a young man, volunteered for the Red army. After the war he went into the film industry. Andrei's father fought in World War II in the Northern Fleet. He was overheard uttering negative views about Stalin's qualities as a military leader, which led to his arrest and imprisonment; he feared for his life, but shortly afterwards was released to rejoin the army. In 1944 he was wounded at Stalingrad and invalided out of the service. Andrei's father's hardships explain Andrei's decision to become a historian. For his father, after climbing the educational ladder, was after the war refused permission to study at the Academy of Sciences' Institute of History on account of what authorities felt was his own compromised political past. But as Historian John Keep wrote: "Andrei has gone one better by not only writing history but by securing a place in it."cite journal
first =Raymond H. | last =Anderson | year =1980 | month =November 13
title = Andrei Amalrik, emigre, is dead; predicted Soviet breakup by '84
journal =New York Times | pages =12 | url =http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/79361.html] cite journal
first =John | last =Keep | year =1971
month =October | title =Andrei Amalrik and "1984"
journal =Russian Review | volume =30 | issue =4 | pages =335–345
url =http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/80307.html
doi =10.2307/127788]

Andrei's father developed a serious heart condition which required constant nursing. This care was provided first by his wife, and on her death from cancer in 1959 by his son Andrei, until Andrei's arrest prevented him from ministering to his father's needs. He died when Andrei was in prison.

In high school, Andrei Amalrik was a restless student and truant. He was expelled a year before graduation. Despite this, he won admission to the history department at Moscow State University in 1959.

In 1963, he angered the university with a dissertation suggesting that Scandinavian warrior-traders and Greeks, rather than Slavs, played the principal role in developing the early Russian state in the ninth century. Amalrik refused to modify his views and was expelled from Moscow University.

First prison sentence

Without a degree, Amalrik did odd jobs and wrote five unpublished plays but was soon under the gaze of the security police for an attempt to contact a Danish scholar through the Danish Embassy. These plays and an interest in modern non-representational art led to Amalrik's first arrest in May 1965. A charge of spreading pornography failed because the expert witnesses called by the prosecution refused to give the correct testimony. However, the authorities then accused Amalrik of "parasitism," and he was sentenced by an administrative tribunal to banishment in western Siberia for a two-and-a-half-year term.

He was freed briefly and then rearrested and sent to exile in a farm village near Tomsk, in Siberia. Allowed to make a brief trip to Moscow after the death of his father, Amalrik persuaded Tatar expressionist artist, Gyuzel Makudinova, to marry him and share his exile.cite journal
first =Author | last =Unknown | year =1980 | month =November 12
title = United Press International | journal =United Press International
url =http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/79361.html#4a]

It was this exile he described in "Involuntary Journey to Siberia." Thanks to the efforts of his lawyer, his sentence was overturned in 1966 and Amalrik returned to Moscow, moving with Gyuzel into a crowded communal apartment with one bath, one kitchen, and one telephone.

Protest at trial

During the Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel trial in February 1966, Amalrik and other dissenters stood outside of the trial to protest.cite book
last =Coleman | first =Fred | date =August 15, 1997
title =The Decline and Fall of Soviet Empire : Forty Years That Shook The World, From Stalin to Yeltsin
publisher =St. Martin's Griffin | id =ISBN 0-312-16816-0 p. 95-97]

Amalrik often met with correspondents to relay protests, took part in vigils outside courthouses and even gave an interview to an American television reporter.

After the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, pressure on Russia's intellectuals was stepped up by the authorities. Amalrik's apartment was twice searched, in May 1969 and February 1970.

"Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?"

Amalrik was best known in the Western world for his essay "Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?", published in 1970. The book predicts the country's eventual breakup under the weight of social and ethnic antagonisms and a disastrous war with China.

Writing in 1969, Amalrik originally wanted to make 1980 as the date of the Soviet downfall, because 1980 was a round number, but Amalrik was persuaded by a friend to change it to the Orwellian 1984. cite book
last =Laqueur | first =Walter | year =1996
title =The Dream that Failed : Reflections on the Soviet Union
publisher =Oxford University Press | location =USA | id =ISBN 0-19-510282-7 ] Amalrik predicted the collapse of the regime would occur between 1980 and 1985. [cite book | author= Cahn, Anne H. | title=Killing Detente: The Right Attacks the CIA | publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press | month= September | year= 1998 | id=ISBN 0-271-01791-0 [http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/48481.html 3 Reviews] ]

Amalrik said in his book:

"I must emphasize that my essay is based not on scholarly research but only on observation. From an academic point of view, it may appear to be only empty chatter. But for Western students of the Soviet Union, at any rate, this discussion should have the same interest that a fish would have for an ichthyologist if it suddenly began to talk.".cite book
last =Amalrik | first =Andrei | year =1970
title =Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
publisher =Harper & Row | location =New York | id =ISBN 0-06-090732-0 (paperback)|Excerpts found [http://www.stetson.edu/~psteeves/classes/amalrik1.html here] and [http://www.stetson.edu/~psteeves/classes/amalrik2.html here] ]

Amalrik was incorrect in some of his predictions:
* a coming military collision with China, and
* the collapse of the Soviet Union occurred in 1991, not 1984.

But Amalrik's argument was correct:

"If...one views the present "liberalization" as the growing decrepitude of the regime rather than its regeneration, then the logical result will be its death, which will be followed by anarchy."

Amalrik predicted that when the breakup of the Soviet empire came, it would take one of two forms. Either power would pass to extremist elements and the country would "disintegrate into anarchy, violence, and intense national hatred," or the end would come peacefully and lead to a federation like the British Commonwealth or the European Common Market. [cite journal
first =James L. | last =Hecht | coauthors =Modisett, Lawrence E. | year =1991 | month =November | title =The future of the Soviet Union | journal =The Futurist | volume =25
issue =6 | pages = 10]

As 1984 drew nearer, Amalrik revised the timetable but still predicted that the Soviet Union would eventually collapse.

US reaction

Predictions of the Soviet Union's impending demise were discounted by many, if not most, Western academic specialists, cite journal
first =Ian
last =Cummins
year =1995
month =December 23
title =The Great MeltDown
journal =The Australian] and had little impact on mainstream Sovietology. cite journal
first =Jonas
last =Bernstein
year =1995
month =January 22
title =Postmortem is also warning on optimism over Russia
journal =The Washington Times
pages =p. B8"(Review of The Dream That Failed: Reflections on the Soviet Union)"] "Amalrik's essay was welcomed as a piece of brilliant literature in the West" but " [v] irtually no one tended to take it at face value as a piece of political prediction."

Contemporary views

In 1983, Princeton University professor Stephen F. Cohen described the Soviet system as remarkably stable.

CIA studies showed that the Soviet gross national product was at 55 percent to 60 percent of that of the United States and growing; Soviet defense spending was put at 6 percent to 15 percent of GNP.

Later analysis were less optimistic. In the 1980s and early 1990s the old inflated figures about Soviet economic performance continued to be used by most Soviet analysts.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the 1993 Economist magazine quoted GNP figures that were significantly lower than World Bank Atlas figures a year before. But if the figures were accurate, the Russian gross domestic product would have been about as big as South Africa's, the Ukrainian not larger than Kenya's. If correct, the figures would indicate that the Russian and Ukrainian economies had shrunk to less than 10 percent of what they had been the year before, which is impossible. Russia's GDP had shrunk from 50% of US GDP to around 5% GDP. This showed that the US government (as most other countries) had enormously overrated Soviet economic performance.

Even as late as 1991, a leading American Sovietologist, Professor Jerry Hough, wrote that "the belief that the Soviet Union may disintegrate as a country contradicts all we know about revolution and national integration throughout the world".

oviet reaction

Soviet dissident Natan Sharansky described that "in 1984 KGB officials, on coming to me in prison" when Amalrik's essay was mentioned, "laughed at this prediction. 'Amalrik is long dead', they said, 'but we are still very much present.'" [cite journal
first =
last =
year =1996
month =January 29
title =Press conference with natan sharansky, Israel's minister for trade and industry
journal =Official Kremlin International News Broadcast]

Post-USSR views

Of those few who foresaw the fall of the Soviet Union, including Andrei Amalrik, author Walter Laqueur argued in 1995 that they were largely accidental prophets, possessors of both brilliant insight into the regime's weaknesses and even more brilliant luck. [cite journal
first =Gabriel
last =Schoenfeld
year =1995
month =January
title =The Dream that Failed: Reflections on the Soviet Union. Book reviews
journal =Commentary
volume =99
issue =1
pages =p. 88]

econd prison sentence

For several months after the publication of "Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?" (1970) and "Involuntary Journey to Siberia" (August 1970), abroad, a criminal offense under Soviet law, Amalrik remained free to walk the streets of Moscow and to associate with foreigners.

Inevitably, for "defaming the Soviet state", Amalrik was arrested in November 1970 and sentenced to three years in a labor camp in Kolyma. At the end of his term, he was given three more years, but because of his poor health (he almost died of meningitis) and protests from the West, the sentence was commuted after one year to exile in the same region. After serving a five year term, he returned to Moscow in 1975. Although they were not Jewish, the authorities tried to persuade Amalrik and his wife to apply for visas to Israel, the common channel for emigration from the Soviet Union; they refused. On September 13, 1975, Amalrik was arrested again. The police captain told his wife that he was arrested for not having permission to live in Moscow; he could have faced a fine or up to 1 year in prison for violating Soviet passport regulations. cite journal
first =Christopher S
last = Wren
year =1975
month =September 14
title =No title
journal =New York Times
url =http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/79361.html#4c]

Exile

The KGB gave Amalrik an ultimatum: to emigrate or face another sentence. In 1976 his family got visas to go to the Netherlands. He made a farewell tour of Russia before emigrating.

Amalrik worked in the Netherlands at the Utrecht University, then moved to the United States to study and lecture. Later, he and Gyuzel bought a villa in France, near the Swiss border, where he worked on his book, "Notebooks of a Revolutionary."

He scorned détente with the Soviet Union. He urged that Western trade and technology be linked to liberalization within the Soviet Union.

Death

On November 12, 1980, Amalrik, his wife, and two other Soviet exiles, Vladimir Borisov and Viktor Feinberg, were on their way to Madrid to attend an East-West conference called to review the Helsinki Accords of 1975. "Spanish police stated that Amalrik, coming from southern France, swerved out of his lane on a wet road near the city of Guadalajara and his car struck an oncoming truck. Mr. Amalrik was instantly killed by a piece of metal, probably from the steering column, which was embedded in his throat, according to the police. His widow, Gyuzel, received only slight injuries," as did the two other passengers.

Timeline

Quotes

*In Russian history, man has always been a means but never an end [cite journal
first =Ian
last =Cummins
year =1999
month =May 12
title =Peter and the Poet
journal =The Australian
pages =p. B04 "(Paraphrased quote)"]

Quotes from "Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?"

*"There is another powerful factor which works against the chance of any kind of peaceful reconstruction and which is equally negative for all levels of society: this is the extreme isolation in which the regime has placed both society and itself. This isolation has not only separated the regime from society, and all sectors of society from each other, but also put the country in extreme isolation from the rest of the world. This isolation has created for all—from the bureaucratic elite to the lowest social levels—an almost surrealistic picture of the world and of their place in it. Yet the longer this state of affairs helps to perpetuate the status quo, the more rapid and decisive will be its collapse when confrontation with reality becomes inevitable."

*"...any state forced to devote so much of its energies to physically and psychologically controlling millions of its own subjects could not survive indefinitely." [cite journal
first =Joel C.
last =Rosenberg
year =2004
month =November 19
title =Two Great Dissidents
journal =National Review ]

Quote from "Notes of a Revolutionary"

*"We had left a great country that we both loved and hated. Could it really be that we would never return?"
*"Even when examining the subject most critically, I do not regard the Russians as a hopeless people, for whom slavery is a natural mode of existence. ... I can see that in the authoritarian stream of Russian history there is an undercurrent, sometimes strong, of a sense of law."
* Before being exiled, Amalrik made a pilgrimage to those places where, in the 14th century, Muscovy was born. Standing before an amazing complex of wooden churches on the banks of Lake Onega, he felt a stab of wonderment: "How could one and the same people have created such churches and destroyed so many of them in blind rage?"
* Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau visited the Siberian city of Norilsk. Trudeau lamented that Canada had never succeeded in building so large a city so far north – unaware, or unconcerned, that Norilsk had been built by prisoners. [cite journal
first =David
last =Frum
year =2003
month =May 5
title =What's Right
journal =National Review]

Notes

Further reading

*cite book
last =Amalrik
first =Andrei
coauthors =Guy Daniels (translator)
year =1982
title =Notes of a Revolutionary
publisher =Alfred A. Knopf
id =ISBN 0-394-41756-9 "Amalrik's memoirs":*cite journal
first =Adrian
last =Karatnycky
year =1983
month =January
title =Notes of a Revolutionary, Review by Andrei Amalrik
journal =Commentary
volume =75
issue =1
url =http://www.commentarymagazine.com/cm/main/viewArticle.html?article=com.commentarymagazine.content.Article::6655&search=1
*cite book
last =Amalrik
first =Andrei
year =1971
title = Involuntary Journey to Siberia
*cite book
last =Amalrik
first =Andrei
year =1973
title = Nose! Nose? No-Se and Other Plays