Rudi Dutschke

Rudi Dutschke born Alfred Willi Rudi Dutschke (March 7, 1940 Schönefeld – December 24, 1979, Århus, Denmark) was the most prominent spokesperson of the left-wing German student movement of the 1960s. He famously split from those who went on to form the violent Red Army Faction and advocated instead 'a long march through the institutions' of power to create radical change from within government and society by becoming an integral part of the machinery.Richard Huffmann, [http://www.baader-meinhof.com/essays/SatyaEssay.html "The Limits of Violence"] , "Satya", March 2004.] This was an idea he took up from Antonio Gramsci and the Frankfurt school of Cultural Marxism. [Dietrich Schwanitz, [http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/booksabout/genlreviews/98RevKraushaarFkftSchStudentFAZ.htm "Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung"] , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 29 June 1998.]

In 1968, he survived an assassination attempt, living for another 12 years until related health problems caused his death. Radical students blamed an anti-student campaign in the papers of the Axel Springer publishing empire for the assassination attempt. This led to attempts to blockade the distribution of Springer newspapers all over Germany, which in turn led to major street battles in many German cities. [Paul Hockenos, [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080602/hockenos "Taz" Year Thirty"] , "The Nation", 19 May 2008.]

Early life

Dutschke was born in Schönefeld, (Kreis Jüterbog-Luckenwalde, Brandenburg), Germany. He attended school in Luckenwalde and graduated from the "Gymnasium" there, but because he refused to join the army of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and convinced many of his fellow students to refuse as well, he was prevented from attending university in the GDR. He fled to West Berlin in August 1961, just one day before the Berlin Wall was built. He studied sociology at the Free University of Berlin under Richard Lowenthal and Klaus Meschkat where he became acquainted with alternative views of Marxism.

Dutschke joined the German SDS Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (which was not the same as the SDS in the USA, but quite similar in goals) in 1965 and from that time on the SDS became the center of the student movement, growing very rapidly and organizing demonstrations against the war in Vietnam.

He married the American Gretchen Klotz (de) in 1966. They had three children. Dutschke's second son, 1980-born Rudi-Marek Dutschke (often known as just "Marek Dutschke") was born after his father's death. He is a politician of the German Green Party [http://www.kandidatenwatch.de/rudi_marek_dutschke-323-8572.html] [http://www.schlauweb.de/Rudi-Marek_Dutschke (mirror of Rudi-Marek Dutschke's biographical German Wikipedia article deleted in June 2007 due to lack of notability)] as well as Dean's Office staffer of the Hertie School of Governance [http://www.hertie-school.org/team.php?nav_id=453] today. His older siblings are Hosea-Che Dutschke (named after the Old Testament minor prophet Hosea and Che Guevara) and their sister Polly-Nicole, both born in 1968.

Political views

Influenced by critical theory, Rosa Luxemburg and critical Marxists, Dutschke developed a theory and code of practice of social change via the practice of developing democracy in the process of revolutionizing society.

Dutschke also advocated that the transformation of Western societies should go hand in hand with Third World liberation movements and with democratization in communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. His socialism had strongly Christian roots; He called Jesus Christ the "greatest revolutionary", and in Easter 1963, he wrote that "Jesus is risen. The decisive revolution in world history has happened - a revolution of all-conquering love. If people would fully receive this revealed love into their own existence, into the reality of the 'now', then the logic of insanity could no longer continue." [Helmut Frank, [http://www.sonntagsblatt-bayern.de/03/2003_16_21_01.php?PHPSESSID=4c911... »Ich liebte diesen naiven Christen«] , "Sonntagsblatt", 16-20 April 2003. (German)]

Benno Ohnesorg's death in 1967 at the hands of German police pushed some in the student movement toward increasingly extremist violence and the formation of the Red Army Faction. The violence against Dutschke further radicalised parts of the student movement into committing several bombings and murders. Dutschke rejected this direction and feared that it would harm or cause the dissolution of the student movement. Instead he advocated a 'long march through the institutions' of power to create radical change from within government and society by becoming an integral part of the machinery.

Shooting and later life

On April 11, 1968 Dutschke was shot in the head by Josef Bachmann. After the attempted assassination, Dutschke and his family went to the United Kingdom in the hope that he could recuperate there. He was accepted at Cambridge University to finish his degree in 1969, but in 1971 the Tory government under Edward Heath expelled him and his family as an "undesirable alien" who had engaged in "subversive activity", causing a political storm in London. They then moved to Aarhus, Denmark.

Dutschke reentered the German political scene after protests against the building of nuclear power plants activated a new movement in the mid-1970s. He also began working with dissidents opposing the Communist governments in East Germany, Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, including Robert Havemann, Wolf Biermann, Mihailo Petkovic, Milan Horáček, Adam Michnik, Ota Šik and more.

Because of massive brain damage from the assassination attempt, Rudi Dutschke continued to suffer health problems. He died on 24 December 1979 in Aarhus, Denmark. He had an epileptic seizure while in the bathtub and drowned.

Works

*"Mein langer Marsch: Reden, Schriften und Tagebücher aus zwanzig Jahren". Rowohlt, Hamburg 1980 (German)
*"Jeder hat sein Leben ganz zu leben." - Diaries of Rudi Dutschke 1963 - 1979, edited by Gretchen Dutschke. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 2003. ISBN 3-462-03224-0 (GErman)
* "It Is Not Easy to Walk Upright". "TELOS" 52 (Summer 1982). New York: Telos Press

Bibliography

*Gretchen Dutschke: "Wir hatten ein barbarisches, schönes Leben."- Biography of Rudi Dutschke. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 1996. ISBN 3-462-02573-2 (German)

References in Literature and Music

The song "Rot" by Markus Henrik features a mention of Dutschke, who can also be seen in the music video of the same. The song uses Dutschke as a reminder of political activism in Germany in the 60s and 70s.

There's also a [http://www.yle.fi/aanilevysto/firs2/kappale.php?Id=Kolme+luotia+rudi+dutschkeen Finnish song] about Rudi Dutschke, by Eero Ojanen. It's based on lyrics by Wolf Biermann.

The song "Drei Kugeln auf Rudi Dutschke" by Wolf Biermann.

Dutschke appears as Prussian nobleman-turned anarchist Count Rudolf von Dutschke in the novel "Warlord of the Air", the first part of Michael Moorcock's alternate history/steampunk trilogy "A Nomad of the Time Streams". Revolutionary socialist Count von Dutschke is close friends with a very aged Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (whom he fondly relates to as "Uncle Vladimir") in Moorcock's alternate 1973 where the October Revolution never took place.

References

See also

* Kommune 1
* Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund

External links

*
* [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/DutschkeRudi/ Biography at the German Historic Museum (German)]

Persondata
NAME = Dutschke, Rudi
ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Dutschke, Alfred Willi Rudi
SHORT DESCRIPTION = German student activist
DATE OF BIRTH = March 7, 1940
PLACE OF BIRTH = Schönefeld, Germany
DATE OF DEATH = December 24, 1979
PLACE OF DEATH = Århus, Denmark