Pacific jack mackerel

Taxobox
name = Pacific jack mackerel


image_width = 240px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Actinopterygii
ordo = Perciformes
subordo = Percoidei
superfamilia = Percoidea
familia = Carangidae
genus = "Trachurus"
species = "T. symmetricus"
binomial = "Trachurus symmetricus"
binomial_authority = (Ayres, 1855)
synonyms =
*"Caranx symmetricus",
Ayres, 1855
*"Decapterus polyaspis",
Walford & Myers, 1944
*"Trachurus symmetricus symmetricus",
(Ayres, 1855)
*"Trachurus picturatus symmetricus",
(Ayres, 1855)
range_

range_map_width = 240px
range_map_caption = Approximate range of the Pacific jack mackerel

The Pacific jack mackerel,"Trachurus symmetricus" (also known as the Californian jack mackerel or simply jack mackerel), is an abundant species of pelagic marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is distributed along the western coast of North America, ranging from Alaska in the north to the Gulf of California in the south, inhabiting both offshore and inshore environments. The Pacific jack mackerel is a moderately large fish, growing to a maximum recorded length of 81 cm, although commonly seen below 55 cm. It is very similar in appearance to other members of its genus, "Trachurus", especially "Trachurus murphyi", which was once thought to be a subspecies of "T. symmetricus", and inhabits waters further south. Pacific jack mackerel travel in large schools, ranging up to 600 miles offshore and to depths of 400 m, generally moving through the upper part of the water column.

Taxonomy and naming

The Pacific jack mackerel is classified within the genus "Trachurus", commonly known as the horse mackerels or jack mackerels. "Trachurus" is part of the jack family Carangidae, a group of Perciform fish in the suborder Percoidei. [ITIS | ID = 168586 | taxon = "Trachurus symmetricus" | year = 2008 | date = 03 July] Recent genetic studies have divided the Carangidae into four subfamilies, with the genus "Trachurus" falling into the 'Caranginae' (or tribe Carangini), being most closely related to the 'scads' of the genera "Decapterus" and "Selar". [cite journal | last = Reed | first = David L. | coauthors = Carpenter, Kent E. & deGravelle, Martin J. | title = Molecular systematics of the Jacks (Perciformes: Carangidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 513–524 | publisher = Elsevier Science | location = USA | date = 2002 | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00036-2 | accessdate =2007-11-17 ] [cite journal | last = Zhu | first = Shi-Hua | coauthors = Wen-Juan Zing, Ji-Xing Zou, Yin-Chung Yang & Xi-Quan Shen | title = Molecular phylogenetic relationship of Carangidae based on the sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene | journal = Acta Zoologica Sinica | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 641–650 | date = 2007 | url = http://www.actazool.org/paperdetail.asp?id=6630&volume=53&number=4&bgpage=641&=endpage650&year=2007&month=8 | accessdate = 2008-01-03 ]

The species was first scientifically described by William Orville Ayres in 1855 based on the holotype specimen taken from San Francisco Bay, California. [cite journal | last = Ayres | first = William O. | title = Descriptions of new species of Californian fishes | journal = Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 1) | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 23-77 | date = 1855 | accessdate = ] He named the species "Caranx symmetricus", correctly identifying its relationship to the jacks, but incorporating it into what was later found to be the wrong genus. The fish was redescribed in 1944 under a different name, "Decapterus polyaspis", from a specimen caught in Oregon,cite journal | last = Walford | first = L. A. | coauthors = G. S. Myers | title = A new species of carangid fish from the northeastern Pacific | journal = Copeia | volume = 1944 | issue = 1 | pages = 44-46 | date = 1944 | url = | accessdate = ] which under the ICZN rules classifies as a junior synonym, and it is therefore discarded. In 1983 "C. symmetricus" was transferred to "Trachurus symmetricus" by William N. Eschmeyer and Earl Herald. The species has twice been treated as a subspecies; once as "Trachurus picturatus symmetricus" (a subspecies of the Blue jack mackerel), and the second more commonly used subspecies of "Trachurus symmetricus symmetricus". For many years it was accepted that the latter was a valid combination, with "Trachurus symmetricus murphyi" considered to be a southern subspecies population. Mitochondrial DNA analysis has now confirmed these subspecies to be separate species, with "T. s. murphyi" now simply "Trachurus murphyi", the Inca scad. The divergence time of these two species was deemed relatively recent, at around 250 000 years ago. [cite journal | last = Poulin | first = E. | coauthors = L. Cardenas, C.E. Hernandez, I. Kornfield & F. P.Ojeda | title = Resolution of the taxonomic status of Chilean and Californian jack mackerels using mitochondrial DNA sequence | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 65 | issue = 4 | pages = 1160 - 1164 | publisher = The Fisheries Society of the British Isles | date = 2004 | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00514.x | accessdate =2008-08-04 ]

"T. symmetricus" is known commonly as the 'Pacific jack mackerel' in reference to its distribution, with the species often called simply 'jack mackerel' or 'mackereljack'FishBase species | genus = Trachurus | species = symmetricus | month = August | year = 2008]

Description

profiles of the body having the same degree of curvature.cite book | last = Fischer | first = W. | coauthors = F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K. Carpenter & V.H. Niem | title = Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen III. Vertebrados - Parte 2 | publisher = FAO | date = 1995 | location = Rome | pages = 985 | url = http://www.fao.org/fishery/sidp/3,1/en#Ecp | isbn = 92-5-303675-3 ] It is a medium to large sized fish, growing to a maximum known length of 81 cm (32 in), although more common at below 55 cm. There are two separate dorsal fins, the first composed of eight spines while the second slightly lower fin consists of 1 spine followed by 31 to 35 soft rays. The anal fin is composed of two spines anteriorly detached followed by one spine connected to 26 to 30 soft rays. In some larger individuals, the last few rays at the posterior of the soft dorsal and anal fins are almost entirely separate from the rest of the fin, forming finlets. The caudal fin is strongly forked, typical amongst the Carangidae, while the ventral fin consists of 1 spine and five soft rays. The pectoral fin terminates before the front of the anal fin, having 22 to 24 rays in total. The lateral line dips strongly after the pectoral fin, having 50 to 53 scales on the upper section and 43 to 52 keeled scutes posteriorly. The species teeth are minute, with a patch of teeth on the tongue in a narrow club shaped strip. There are 24 vertebrae in total.

Pacific jack mackerel are metallic blue to olive-green dorsally, becoming more silvery ventrally, before transitioning to a white belly. The top of the head and area near eye is quite dark with a dark spot on the upper rear of the gill cover. The fins are mostly hyaline to dusky, although caudal fin may be yellow to reddish.

Distribution and habitat

The Pacific jack mackerel is distributed through the eastern Pacific Ocean from Alaska in the north, down the western North American seaboard to the Baja California peninsula in the Gulf of California. It has been reported as far south as the Galápagos Islands, however at these latitudes it would be sympatric with "T. murphyi", possibly resulting in confusion of the two species. Pacific jack mackerel occur in both pelagic and inshore environments, often venturing up to 600 miles offshore and to known depths of 400 m. In more coastal environments they are known to inhabit bays and very shallow waters.

Relationship to humans

Pacific jack mackerel are fished commercially as well as for sport. They are often caught on baited hook from piers and boats, and also while salmon trolling. Commercial fishing occurs along the coast. Large individuals often move inshore and north in the summer.Pacific jack mackerel is canned in the same manner as salmon. Fish are cleaned, gutted and finned, then packed into cans with salt and water.

History

Before 1947 the pacific jack mackerel was of minor importance. It was referred to as horse mackerel, and had little market appeal. However, in 1948, the US. Pure Food and Drug Administration decided to allow the use of "jack mackerel" on all labeling, and it affected its appeal. The new label combined with low catches of Pacific sardine in 1947-48 and increased catches of pacific jack mackerel during the same time, made the fish gain importance [C.E. Blunt Jr. (1969),THE JACK MACKEREL (TRACHUR’US SYMMETRICUS) RESOURCE OF THE EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC Calif. Alar. Ees. Comm., Ca, 13 : 16-52, 1969 ] . In the past mackerel consumption was considered a sign of low income. In the American segregated Southern states, it was often associated with black Americans. Today, most of these stereotypes are gone.

Other

Pacific jack mackerel tastes similar to canned salmon. It can be used interchangeably with salmon or tuna in recipes, but it may be safer to consume than tuna because it is a smaller fish and not a top predator, so it does not accumulate heavy metals such as mercury.

References