Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates

In general relativity Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates, named for Arthur Stanley Eddington and David Finkelstein, are a pair of coordinate systems for a Schwarzschild geometry which are adapted to radial null geodesics (i.e. the worldlines of photons moving directly towards or away from the central mass). One advantage of this coordinate system is that is shows that the apparent singularity at the Schwarzschild radius is only a coordinate singularity and not a true physical singularity.

"Conventions": In this article the metric signature (− + + +) will be used as will units where "c" = 1. The gravitational constant "G" will be kept explicit and "M" will denote the characteristic mass of the Schwarzschild geometry.

Recall that in Schwarzschild coordinates $(t,r,\; heta,phi)$, the Schwarzschild metric is given by:$ds^\{2\}\; =\; -left(1-frac\{2GM\}\{r\}\; ight)\; dt^2\; +\; left(1-frac\{2GM\}\{r\}\; ight)^\{-1\}dr^2+\; r^2\; dOmega^2$where:$dOmega^2equiv\; d\; heta^2+sin^2\; heta,dphi^2.$

Define the tortoise coordinate $r^*$ by:$r^*\; =\; r\; +\; 2GMlnleft|frac\{r\}\{2GM\}\; -\; 1\; ight|.$The tortoise coordinate approaches −∞ as "r" approaches the Schwarzschild radius "r" = 2"GM". It satisfies:$frac\{dr^*\}\{dr\}\; =\; left(1-frac\{2GM\}\{r\}\; ight)^\{-1\}.$

Now define the ingoing and outgoing null coordinates by:$v\; =\; t\; +\; r^*,$:$u\; =\; t\; -\; r^*,$These are so named because the ingoing radial null geodesics are given by "v" = constant, while the outgoing ones are given by "u" = constant.

The ingoing Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates are obtained by replacing "t" with "v". The metric in these coordinates can be written:$ds^\{2\}\; =\; -left(1-frac\{2GM\}\{r\}\; ight)\; dv^2\; +\; 2\; dv\; dr\; +\; r^2\; dOmega^2.$

Likewise, the outgoing Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates are obtained by replacing "t" with "u". The metric is then given by:$ds^\{2\}\; =\; -left(1-frac\{2GM\}\{r\}\; ight)\; du^2\; -\; 2\; du\; dr\; +\; r^2\; dOmega^2.$

In both these coordinate systems the metric is explicitly non-singular at the Schwarzschild radius (even though one component vanishes at this radius, the determinant of the metric is still non-vanishing).

In ingoing coordinates the equations for the radial null curves are:while in outgoing coordinates the equations are:

Note that "dv/dr" and "du/dr" approach 0 and ±2 at large "r", not ±1 as one might expect. In Eddington-Finkelstein diagrams, surfaces of constant "u" or "v" are usually drawn as cones rather than planes (see for instance Box 31.2 of MTW). Some sources instead take $t\text{'}\; =\; t\; pm\; (r^*\; -\; r),$, corresponding to planar surfaces in such diagrams. In terms of this $t\text{'}$ the metric becomes:$ds^2\; =\; -\; left(\; 1-frac\{2GM\}\{r\}\; ight)\; dt\text{'}^2\; pm\; frac\{4GM\}\{r\}\; dt\text{'}\; dr\; +\; left(\; 1\; +\; frac\{2GM\}\{r\}\; ight)\; dr^2\; +\; r^2\; dOmega^2$which is Minkowskian at large "r".

ee also

*Schwarzschild coordinates
*Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates