Khust

Infobox Settlement

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subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = UKR
timezone=CET
utc_offset=+1
map_caption =Location of PAGENAME within Bosnia and Herzegovina.
timezone_DST=CEST
utc_offset_DST=+2

official_name = Khust
native_name = Хуст
nickname =


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subdivision_type = Country
Oblast
Raion
subdivision_name =
established_title = Founded
established_date = 1090
established_title1 = Incorporated
established_date1 = 1329
leader_title = Mayor
leader_name = Mykhailo Djanda
area_magnitude = 22
area_total_km2 =
area_land_km2 =
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population_as_of = 2001
population_note =
population_total = 31900|population_footnotes=
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pushpin_map_caption =Location of Khust
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latd=48 |latm=10 |lats=53 |latNS=N
longd=23 |longm=17 |longs=52 |longEW=E
elevation_m = 164
|postal_code_type=Postal code
postal_code = 90400
area_code = +380-3142
blank_info =
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website = [http://www.khust.org Khust City Portal]
footnotes =

Khust (Ukrainian, Russian, and Rusyn: Xуст, Romanian: Hust, Hungarian: Huszt, Czech and Slovak: Chust, _yi. חוסט ) is a city located on the Khustets River in the Zakarpattia oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It is near the confluence of the Tisza and Rika Rivers. Serving as the administrative center of the Khustskyi Raion (district), the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast, and is located at around coord|48|10|53|N|23|17|52|E.

Khust was the capital of the short-lived republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.

Origin of name

The name possibly related to the name of the stream Husztica. It is also conceivable that the name of the city comes from a Romanian traditional food ingredient - husti.

History

The settlement was first mentioned as Huszth, in 1329. Its castle was built in 1090 by St. Ladislaus as a defence against the Cumans, was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Hungary and was rebuilt around 1318. The town got privileges in 1329.

In 1458 King Matthias imprisoned his uncle, the rebellious Mihály Szilágyi in the castle. In 1514, during György Dózsa's peasant revolt local peasants captured the castle. In 1526 the area became a part of Transylvania.

The army of Ferdinand I captured the town in 1546. In 1594 the Tartars destroyed the town, but could not take the castle. The castle was besieged in 1644 by the army of George I Rákóczi, in 1657 by the Polish, in 1661-62 by the Ottoman and Tartar hordes. Count Ferenc Rhédey, the ruling prince of Transylvania and high steward of Máramaros county died in the castle on May 13, 1667.

The castle surrendered to the Kurucs on August 17, 1703, and the independence of Transylvania was proclaimed here. It was the last castle the Habsburgs occupied when suppressing the freedom fight of the Kurucs, in 1711. The seriously damaged castle was struck by lightning and burnt down on July 3, 1766; a storm brought down its tower in 1798, it has been in ruins ever since then. Huszt was renamed as Csebreny in 1882 during Magyarization process.

In 1910 Huszt had 10,292 citizens, 5,230 Ruthenians, 3,505 Hungarians and 1,535 Germans. Until the Treaty of Trianon it belonged to Hungary and was the seat of the Huszt district of Máramaros county. After the World War I, in summer 1919 the Rumanian troops took over the territory. But according to the St.-Germain treaty Czechoslovakia received the city, as part of newly formed Podkarpatsko(Under the Carpathians) region. Czechoslovakia had to provide the region a wide autonomy, but it was realised only in 1938. In autumn 1938 an autonomous government was organised. On the other day after the collapse of Czechoslovakia on March 14, 1939, the government proclaimed an independence in Khust, that was not recognised by the leading states. One day later, on March 16, 1939 the Hungarian troops moved in. On October 24, 1944 the soviet troops occupied the city, and included it into the Soviet Union. The Soviet government exiled most of the city's German and Hungarian population. Since the collapse of USSR, Khust is part of Ukraine.

Demographics

In 2001 it had 31,900 inhabitants, including: [http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Zakarpattia/]
* 28,500 (89.3%) Ukrainians
* 1,700 (5.4%) Hungarians
* 1,200 (3.7%) Russians
* 100 (0.4%) Roma (otherwise known as Gypsies)

Until the 19th century the city's population also included ethnic Romanians (800 Romanians according to the 1880 census).

Tourist sights

* Castle ruins
* Protestant fortress church 13th-14th century, Protestant since 1524, fortified in 1616, 1644, 1661 and 1670, restored in 1773 and1888. Its belfry is from the 15th century, until 1861 it had four pinnacles.
* Roman Catholic church (Baroque, 18th century)
* Greek Orthodox church (18th century)

Famous people

* Count József Teleki scientist was born here on December 21, 1738.
* József Koller, historian of religion was born here in 1745.
* Jenő Benda writer, journalist was born here in 1882.
* Ernő Szép writer was born here in 1894.

Jewish History

Yeshiva

In 1861, Rabbi Moshe Moses Shick, known as the "Maharam Shik" established - what was at that time - the largest yeshiva (Torah academy) in Eastern Europe, in Khust. This yeshiva had over 800 students.

Rabbis

* Grand Rabbi Dushinsky, (later the chief Rabbi of Jerusalem) was the Town Chief Rabbi, and was the Dean of one of the foremost Orthodox Jewish Seminaries, the Maharam Shiek Yeshiva.
* Grand Rabbi Moshe Grunwald, (author of the Arugath Ha'bosem) was the Town Chief Rabbi for a period of time, the Yeshiva experienced termendous growth under his leadership.
**Rabbi Yehoshua Grunwald, grandson of the Arugath Ha'Bosem, served as the Town Chief Rabbi until their deportation to Auschwitz during World War II. After the war he established a congregation for Chust Holocaust survivors in the Borough Park section of Brooklyn which his son-in-law Grand Rabbi Pinchos Dovid Horowitz, eldest son of Levi Yitzchak Horowitz the Bostoner Rebbe, now leads.
*Grand Rabbi Yisroel Yaakov Leifer, Youngest son and Successor by declaration of Rabbi Mordechai of Nadvorna.
** Grand Rabbi Shmuel Shmelke Leifer, Son of the Rebbe Yisroel Yaakov, Author of the Beis Shmuel.
** Grand Rabbi Reuven Leifer of Viezer, Son of Rebbe Yisroel Yaakov
** Grand Rabbi Dovid Leifer of Groirverdan, Son of Rebbe Yisroel Yaakov
** Grand Rabbi Levi of "Chust-Tosh"
*** Grand Rabbi Aharon Moishe Leifer, son of Rabbi Shmuel Shmelke.
*** Grand Rabbi Shmuel Shmelka Leifer the Second of "Chust"
*** Grand Rabbi Baruch Pinchos Leifer of "Chust-Israel"
*** Grand Rabbi Turnauer of "Chust-Williamsburg"
*** Grand Rabbi Meshullam Ginsberg of "Chust", Grandson and Successor of Grand Rabbi Levi of "Chust-Tosh"

ee also

*Carpathian Ruthenia

External links

* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pagesKHKhust.htm Khust] in the [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com Encyclopedia of Ukraine]
* [http://www.khust.org All about Khust City] Includes a large image of the city and castle.
* [http://www.ukraine-today.com/news-media/analysis/an29_03_02.html#transcarp Khust City elections in 2003]
* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/UP/25/Khust.html Map of Khust City]
* [http://www.radixforum.com/places/browse/ct1913/maramaros.html Place names of Maramaros County]