Picoides

Taxobox
name = "Picoides"

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = White-headed Woodpecker ("Picoides albolarvatus")
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Piciformes
familia = Picidae
genus = " Picoides "
genus_authority = Lacépède, 1799
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = See text.

"Picoides" is a genus of woodpeckers (family Picidae) found primarily in North America. The plumage in most species is predominantly black and white, brown and white in some southern species, with the male often having a red (or yellow) badge. Their bills are straight and chisel-shaped. Although in the four-toed species, the toes normally have a zygodactyl or yoked arrangement while on the ground, one toe can be rotated forward for climbing. Some species in this genus are three-toed. All species in this genus feed mainly on insects.

Systematics

The genus is in need of revision. Two species which have a somewhat different color pattern, especially on the head and neck - the Striped and the Checkered Woodpecker - have turned out to belong into "Veniliornis", a genus most closely related to "Picoides". On the other hand, the Smoky-brown Woodpecker ("Veniliornis fumigatus") seems to be an early offshoot of "Picoides". Its unique coloration (similar to the unrelated Okinawa Woodpecker) in this case would be an adaptation to dense forest habitat, although due to its distinctiveness it is not inconceivable that it belongs into a genus of its own and merely is a case of molecular convergence. The American Three-toed Woodpecker was until recently considered conspecific with the Eurasian oneFact|date=February 2007, and the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker is often placed in the genus "Dendrocopos"Fact|date=February 2007. Indeed, that genus is sometimes merged into "Picoides", but this is neither generally accepted nor well supported.

Analysis of mtDNA COI and Cyt "b" sequences suggest that "Picoides" is really three genera (Moore "et al.", 2006). One is a group of small four-toed species and the Eurasian "P. minor", whereas the other group unites the larger species and would include the Smoky-brown Woodpecker. The three-toed species consititute an entirely different lineage closer to some species of "Dendrocopos".

All three groups are notable for the high degree of convergent evolution in plumage patterns existing between them (Weibel & Moore, 2005; Moore "et al.", 2006). There are several pairs of species from different groups which are almost alike; the most notable example are the Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers which are not closely related at all but independently evolved a plumage pattern which is identical down to minor details.

*Small group
** Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, "Picoides minor" - previously "Dendrocopos"
** Downy Woodpecker, "Picoides pubescens"
** Nuttall's Woodpecker, "Picoides nuttallii"
** Ladder-backed Woodpecker, "Picoides scalaris"
*Large group
** Red-cockaded Woodpecker, "Picoides borealis"
** Smoky-brown Woodpecker, "Picoides fumigatus"
** Hairy Woodpecker, "Picoides villosus"
** White-headed Woodpecker, "Picoides albolarvatus"
** Strickland's Woodpecker, "Picoides stricklandi"
** Arizona Woodpecker, "Picoides arizonae"
*Three-toed group ("Picoides sensu stricto")
** Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker, "Picoides tridactylus"
** American Three-toed Woodpecker, "Picoides dorsalis"
** Black-backed Woodpecker, "Picoides arcticus"

References

* Moore, William S.; Weibel, Amy C. & Agius, Andrea (2006): Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus "Veniliornis" (Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns. "Biol. J. Linn. Soc." 87: 611–624. [http://bio.wayne.edu/profhtml/moore/PUBLICATIONS/MooreEtal2006Veniliornis.pdf PDF fulltext]

* Weibel, Amy C. & Moore, William S. (2005): Plumage convergence in "Picoides" woodpeckers based on a molecular phylogeny, with emphasis on convergence in downy and hairy woodpeckers. "Condor" 107(4): 797–809. DOI|10.1650/7858.1 (HTML abstract)

External links

* [http://www.itis.usda.gov:8080/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=178249 Integrated Taxonomic Information System: Genus "Picoides"]