Solitaire

Solitaire, also called patience, is any of a family of single-player card games of a generally similar character, but varying greatly in detail. The games are generally referred to as "patience" in British English and "solitaire" in American English, although "solitaire" is gaining popularity in British English due to the game in Windows.

These games typically involve dealing cards from a shuffled deck into a prescribed arrangement on a tabletop, from which the player attempts to reorder the deck by suit and rank through a series of moves transferring cards from one place to another under prescribed restrictions. Some games allow for the reshuffling of the deck(s), and/or the placement of cards into new or "empty" locations.

Solitaire has its own terminology; see solitaire terminology.

There are many different solitaire games, but the term "solitaire" is often used to refer specifically to the most well-known form, called "Klondike". Klondike and some other solitaire games have been adapted into two-player competitive games. See List of solitaire card games for more.

There is a vast array of variations on the solitaire/patience theme, using either one or more decks of cards, with rules of varying complexity and skill levels. Many of these have been converted to electronic form and are available as computer games. Basic forms of Klondike solitaire and FreeCell come with every current installation of Microsoft Windows, for example, and Windows Me, Windows XP and Windows Vista also include a version of Spider. A solitaire game is included on all of Apple's iPods (with the exception of the iPod Touch).Fact|date=March 2008 Many software solitaire collections can be downloaded from the internet at no charge.

The term 'solitaire' is also used for single-player games of concentration and skill using a set layout of tiles, pegs or stones rather than cards. These games include Peg solitaire and Shanghai solitaire.

History

Like the origin of playing cards, the origin of solitaire is largely unknown as there are no historical records to support it. Some scholars think these kinds of games are largely French in origin as early English language books about patience games refer to French literature, as can be seen in the names of some games in English books such as "La Belle Lucie", "Le Cadran", "Le Loi Salique", "La Nivernaise" and others.

Napoleon was also said to have "played patience" (solitaire) during his exile. Some solitaire games were named after him, such as Napoleon at St. Helena, Napoleon's Square, etc. But whether he played those games or actually invented them is not known.

The first collection of solitaire card games in the English language is attributed to Lady Adelaide Cadogan through her "Illustrated Games of Patience", published in about 1870 and reprinted several times. Before this, there was no literature about solitaire, not even in such books as Charles Cotton's "The Compleat Gamester" (1674), Abbé Bellecour's "Academie des Jeux" (1674), and "Bohn's Handbook of Games" (1850), all of which are used as reference on card games.

Lady Cadogan's book spawned other collections such as "Patience" by E. D. Cheney, "Amusements for Invalids" by Annie B. Henshaw (1870), and later "Dick's Games of Patience", published by Dick and Fitzgerald. Other books about solitaire written towards the end of the 19th century were by H. E. Jones (a.k.a. Cavendish), Angelo Lewis (a.k.a. Professor Hoffman), Basil Dalton, and Ernest Bergholt.

ee also

* Mahjong solitaire
* Patience sorting
* Video poker
* Solitaire (Windows)
* Spider Solitaire (Windows)
* Marble Solitaire

References

* Lee, Sloane & Packard, Gabriel. "100 Best Solitaire Games: 100 Ways to Entertain Yourself with a Deck of Cards." ; New York, N. Y.: Cardoza Publishing, 2004. (ISBN 1-58042-115-6)
* Arnold, Peter. "Card Games for One." London: Hamlyn, 2002 (ISBN 0-600-60727-5)
* Moorehead, Albert H. & Mott-Smith, Geoffrey. "The Complete Book of Solitaire and Patience Games." New York: Bantam Books, 1977 (ISBN 0-553-26240-8)
* Crépeau, Pierre. "The Complete Book of Solitaire" (a translation of "Le Grand Livre des Patiences"). Willowdale, Ontario: Firefly Books, 2001. (ISBN 1-55209-597-5)
* Marks, Arnold & Harrod, Jacqueline. "Card Games Made Easy." Surrey, England: Clarion, 1997 (ISBN 1-899606-17-3)

External links

* [http://www.utipu.com/app/invited/id/f2410b72b5e640ae80e005516e2b5808 Video demonstration a game of solitaire being played and associated commentary.]
* [http://dmoz.org/Games/Card_Games/Shedding_and_Accumulating/Solitaire/ Open Directory Project: solitaire]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/21642 Lady Cadogan's Illustrated Games of Solitaire or Patience] , by Adelaide Cadogan, 1914, from Project Gutenberg
* [http://www.archive.org/details/gamesofpatiencef00joneiala Games of patience for one or more players, second series] , by Mary Whitmore Jones, about 1898, original book-scan from Archive.org
* [http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/displayevent.aspx?rID=1986 The Mathematics of Solitaire] - a video presentation about the Math behind solitaire