Hypnale

Taxobox
name = "Hypnale"

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image_caption = Hump-nosed viper, "H. hypnale".
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
subphylum = Vertebrata
classis = Reptilia
ordo = Squamata
subordo = Serpentes
familia = Viperidae
subfamilia = Crotalinae
genus = "Hypnale"
genus_authority = Fitzinger, 1843
synonyms = * "Hypnale" - Fitzinger, 1843McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).]

:"Common names: hump-nosed vipers,Gloyd HK, Conant R. 1990. Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 614 pp. 52 plates. LCCN 89-50342. ISBN 0-916984-20-6.] hump-nosed pit vipers.Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.] ""Hypnale" is a genus of venomous pitvipers found in Sri Lanka and southwestern India. Three monotypic species are currently recognized (no subspecies).ITIS|ID=634415|taxon=Hypnale|year=2006|date=3 November] All members have a more or less upturned snouts that produce a hump-nosed effect.

Description

Members of this genus grow to a maximum length of 55 cm (for "H. hypnale"). The body is stout, but relatively slender compared to most other crotalines. The tail length account for 14-18% of total body length in males, 11-16% in females.

The snout is more or less upturned, with two species having a wartlike protuberance at the tip that is covered with tiny scales. The anterior head shields are strongly fragmented, but the frontal scale, supraoculars and parietals are complete and quite large. The nasal scale is single, but it may have a groove that extends towards its upper edge. There are two preoculars and 2-4 postoculars. The loreal scale is single, but extends across the "canthus rostralis" so that it can be seen from above. The supralabials and sublabials both number 7-9. Bordering the supralabials are 3-4 enlarged temporal scales, above which are 3-5 irregular rows of temporal scales. There is one pair of chin shields, each of which is slightly longer than it is wide.

At midbody there are 17 rows of dorsal scales, which are weakly keeled. Apical pits are present, but very difficult to see. The keels are lacking or may be entirely absent on the first two scale rows bordering the ventrals. The ventral scales number 120-158, while the subcaudals vary in number from 28-48 (almost all are paired).

Geographic range

Found in Sri Lanka and India, from almost sea level to an elevation of at least 1,829 m. In India they are found in the Western Ghats as far as 16° north latitude.

Habitat

They occur in dense jungles, dry forests, rain forests, both in low and hilly country, and in plantations. They sometimes are also found near or in human habitations.

Behavior

Mostly nocturnal, but are often seen coiled in the shade during the day, moving around on cloudy days, or under low light conditions. They are generally inoffensive, both in the wild and in captivity, rarely attempting to bite unless restrained or injured.

Feeding

Their diet includes lizards, snakes, frogs, reptile eggs and small mammals.

Reproduction

All members of this group are viviparous.

pecies

^T) Type species.

Taxonomy

According to Gloyd and Conant (1990), members of this group seem to be closely related to the genus "Calloselasma".

ee also

* List of crotaline species and subspecies
*
*
* Snakebite

References

Further reading

* Boulenger, George A. 1890 The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp.
* Doblado, R. 2005 Hypnale hypnale - the Indian Humpnose Viper. Reptilia (GB) (38): 64-70
* Gumprecht, A.; Tillack, F.; Orlov, N.L.; Captain, A. & Ryabow, S. 2004 Asian Pit Vipers. Geitje Books, Berlin, 368 pp.
* Parkinson, C.L. 1999 Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of Pit Vipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999 (3): 576-586

External links

*
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&enlarge=0000+0000+0103+0052 "Hypnale hypnale"] , image 1/2 at [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/ CalPhotos] . Accessed 30 June 2007.
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&enlarge=0000+0000+0604+0073 "Hypnale hypnale"] , image 2/2 at [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/ CalPhotos] . Accessed 30 June 2007.