Battle of Ratan and Sävar

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Sävar and Ratan


caption=
partof=Finnish War
date=August 19 - August 20, 1809
place= The village of Sävar and the village of Ratan, slightly north of Umeå, Sweden
result=Sävar: Russian victory
Ratan: Swedish victory
combatant1=Sweden
combatant2=Russia
commander1=Gustaf Wachtmeister, Johan Puke
commander2=Nikolay Mikhailovich Kamensky
strength1=6,800 troops
strength2=6,000 troops [http://www.multi.fi/~goranfri/navalwar.html Main Document - Swedish-Russian War ] ]
casualties1=Total: 1 000.
Sävar: 850 (396 dead, 450 wounded).
Ratan: 150 (26 dead, 2 prisoners) Svenska slag (Swedish battles) ISBN: 9146210873]
casualties2=Total: 1 750.
Sävar: 1 600 (600 dead, 1000 wounded).
Ratan: 150 (dead and wounded)Svenska slag (Swedish battles) ISBN: 9146210873]

The Battle of Sävar and Ratan is actually two separate battles fought with only a day apart. They are mentioned together as it was the same armies that fought both battles and the later battle can in fact be thought as an extension of the first one.

Prelude to the battle

The Russians had successfully captured the city of Umeå and driven the Swedish army commanded by Sandels south, down to Härnösand. Tsar Alexander I of Russia demanded that Sweden should cede all of Finland. In order to achieve a better position for negotiations with Russia, the Swedish army command conceived a plan in which they would land troops north of the Russian positions in Umeå and attack the Russian army in the back while the mainland army of 3,400 men under Fabian Wrede attacked them in the front.

Chosen to lead the sea-borne task force was Lieutenant-General Gustav Wachtmeister. Battle proven in the Prussian army, in the Russo-Swedish War 1789-1790, and in the Pomeranian War just two years earlier. There was talk on giving the command to von Döbeln, but Wachtmeister was chosen.

There was no threat from the Russians possible on the waters as the combined force of the Swedish Örloggsflottan and the British Navy had the Russian fleet at bay. The task force debarked from Stockholm on August 8 and sailed north towards Ratan 45 km north from Umeå. In order to avoid being detected by the Russian army in Umeå the task force sailed east of Holmön. It arrived at Ratan August 16. The planned attack was to take place at August 19.

The Swedish task force sent was composed by:
* 2 ships of the line (Adolf Fredrik and Försiktigheten)
* 1 frigate (Jarramas)
* 44 gun sloops
* 6 galleons
* 20-40 troop transport ships
* 6,800 soldiers

Description of the battle

On August 17 the Swedish army disembarked their ships in Ratan. Later, the same day a small Russian detachment in Djäkneboda was destroyed.

The Russian commander Lieutenant-General Nikolay Mikhailovich Kamensky was marching south when he learnt about the Swedish task force; he quickly wheeled around and marched north in order to face Wachtmeister's army before Wrede's arrived.

The Swedish force under Wachtmeister was delayed at Sävar 20 km north of Umeå. The Russians attacked Wachtmeister's force in Sävar at 07:30 August 19. The Russian force took possession of high ground immediately and the Swedes counterattacked the Russians uphill. A fierce battle broke out and despite the Swedes success in the fighting Wachtmeister ordered his forces to retreat back to Ratan. The Battle of Sävar was over at 15:00. Although the Battle of Sävar turned out as a Russian victory, the Russian army was too damaged to dare face Wrede advancing from the south.

In Sävar, Sweden suffered casualties of 396 men dead and around 450 wounded, the Russians suffered around 600 men dead and around 1000 wounded.

After the Battle of Sävar, the Swedish force fell back to the village of Ratan, in which they immediately prepared for another battle. On August 20 Kamensky ordered his army to attack the Swedes in a delaying battle to secure the Russian supply wagons retreat north. This time Sweden had support from their artillery, not only the ground based, but also the cannons loaded on the Swedish fleet. Altogether, around 100 cannons were available for the Swedish army. The artillery barrage destroyed large parts of the village and its surroundings.

During the Battle of Ratan, Wachtmeister managed to hold off Kamensky, who afterwards retreated north towards Piteå. Shortly after, Swedish troops entered Umeå.

Casualties at Ratan numbered 150 Swedes (26 dead, 2 prisoners) and 150 Russians (dead and wounded).Svenska slag (Swedish battles) ISBN: 9146210873]

References

Aftermath

Although the battle was a Russian victory, it was a pyrrhic one. The Russian army could not stay with the enemy advancing from the south having just suffered so many casualties. Instead it retreated north after the battle, easing up the situation for the Swedish army. The battles' outcome have also been argued to have helped Sweden achieve a better position in the peace negotiations with Russia. The Russian Tsar Alexander had demanded all of Österland, Åland, the parts of Norrland in present day Finland and parts of Norrland in present day Sweden. The Czar's demand was that the border was to be drawn at the Kalix River. The engagements in Sävar and Ratan have been argued to have helped move the border north to the Tornio and Muonio rivers in the peace talks.

Having the border further north than demanded by the Russians in the initial talks turned out to be fortunate for Sweden in the long run as major findings of iron ore were discovered in these areas later.