Technical pen

A technical pen is a specialized instrument used by an engineer, architect, or draftsperson (British: draughtsperson) to make lines of constant width for architectural, engineering, or technical drawings. It has been also generally called "rapidograph", although that particular name has officially remained a proper name for a line of products made by German company Rotring.

History

Early technical pens consisted of a small pair of calipers, having one flat and one bowed leg holding ink between them. By adjusting the gap between the legs the width of the line drawn by the pen could be adjusted. Such pens, kept at a constant angle to the paper, were used for ruling lines, but not for cursive handwriting, nor for off-hand flourishes. The "Graphos" technical pen introduced in 1934 miniaturized the caliper principle and made the points easily interchangeable.The Sheaffer company produced an expensive drafting set which included such pens for use on linen prints. These sets were often presented to a draftsperson upon becoming 'time served', which is marking the end of the apprenticeship.

In the 1950s, fountain pens with cylindrical points became available, but they were complex instruments with tubes holding a tiny shaft. To release ink the shaft is depressed and a line of about the width of the exterior diameter of the tube can be drawn. Additionally, in later models, the tube had a small ledge that effectively narrowed its end, that - while maintaining the line thickness - made the tube thicker along most of its length and also protected ink from spilling while drawing along the edge of a rule, set-square, T-square or other template (the ink had no immediate contact with the template's edge). Some special, more expensive nibs were equipped with tubes made of tungsten or with their tips made of synthetic precious stones, to slow their wear on hard surfaces.

In the 1960s, the pen's design evolved to feature tubes of ink that were filled with an eyedropper or from a narrow spout on a special bottle of ink. Such pens frequently came in sets of various sizes, and several pen points which were installed into the holders that also contained a filled fountain, which in turn would be screwed into a handle. The construction and amount of parts varied depending on the company, and the parts were not cross-compatible in most cases. Some later designs (like the Staedtler MarsMatic700) had especially designed channels to allow better air flow in between the wall of the external grip and the point assembly. This made ink flow more reliable. The general drawback of this group of pens is that they have to be frequently and carefully cleaned to remove all ink from the tubing, otherwise it would set and could not be removed.

In the United States, several firms produced this kind of technical pen: WRICO, Leroy, and Koh-I-Noor. Each had its own proprietary sequence of line widths, meaning that the widths were not standardized across the industry, and each company's specifications for the widths did not match the others. And the specifications were given as fractions of an inch instead of fractions of a meter. In the case of technical pens made for the US market, they were "marked" with both proprietary symbolic expressions (4×0, 3×0, 2×0, 0, 1, 2 etc.) and standard metric dimensions denominated in millimetres.

For the rest of the world, the most recognized brands were Staedtler, Rotring and Faber-Castell; currently only Staedtler still makes the traditional technical pen. A full set of pens would have the following nib sizes: 0.13, 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm. However, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) called for four pen widths and set a colour code for each: 0.25 (white), 0.35 (yellow), 0.5 (brown), 0.7 (blue); these nibs produced lines that related to various text character heights and the ISO paper sizes.

All ISO paper sizes have the same "aspect ratio", $1:sqrt\{2\}$, meaning that a document designed for any given size can be enlarged or reduced to any other size and "will fit perfectly". The “zoom ratio” between any two adjacent size designations (e.g. A4 to A3) is also always $1:sqrt\{2\}$. Given this ease of changing sizes, it is of course common to copy or print a given document on different sizes of paper, especially within a series, e.g. the same poster may be printed in both A2 and A1 sizes, or a manual drawing on A3 may be enlarged to A2.

Text (produced by an ISO stencil template for use with the technical pens) of 5 mm in height has a stroke or line thickness of 0.5 mm, and so requires a brown-nibbed 0.5 mm pen. If this text were used in an ISO-sized document (e.g. A0), and the document were reproduced at half its original size (A1), the text would be rendered 3.5 mm high with a stroke thickness of 0.35 mm—the yellow-nib size. Thus, changes to reductions or enlargements can be made easily as everything is in proportion. This worldwide standard (excepting Canada and the United States) ensures that drawings can always be legible even after microfilming, photocopying, and faxing.

The main drafting sets of four nibs came in two kinds: Gold and Silver. The Silver was for rough tracing paper, and the Gold was for plastic film (velograph or durables). Drawing boards changed as a result of technical pens—a hard (not spongy) surface was required, and when plastic film was used, the static attraction between plastic cursors, T-squares, set-squares etc. meant that as one lifted the edge from the film, the film would rise through static attraction and the ink would blot. The solution was to stick down a plastic sheet (Osalid) that attracted the film more strongly than the drafting instruments. The tracing paper or velograph sheet would be placed on the Osalid sheet stuck onto the drawing board and the air brushed away. Brushing charged the surface, and the film would then be taped taut (but released at the end of each working day to allow for overnight temperature expansions and contractions).

When pen plotters became widespread, a special variety of point assemblies was produced. These had the basic characteristics of the standard pen nib, but the tube was much thicker to strengthen it against quick lateral movements. Only the tip of the tube had the desired, line-size width. They fell out of use as plotters were replaced with ink-jet printers.

While the rapidograph style of pen is still widely used by artists, the use of computer-aided design (CAD) has replaced the need for manual drafting, and developments in the field of felt-tip, pigment-ink-based pens made the technical pen a cheaper, low-maintenance, disposable tool. In general, the development of technical pens has evolved through a gradual sacrifice of line and ink quality in favor of ease of maintenance and use.Fact|date=July 2008

Related Technologies

Drawing board instruments, such as set squares, shape templates, text stencils and French curves are used to make consistent marks on the paper. A technical pen can be attached to a pair of compasses to produce circles.

References

*Ronald J. Lutz's "Applied Sketching and Technical Drawing" South Holland, Illinois: The Goodheart-Willcox Company, 1991.

External links

* [http://www.copicmarker.com/features_multiliner.html Copic Multiliner]
* [http://hans.presto.tripod.com/scan/graphos.html Pelican Graphos pen]
* [http://www.staedtler.com/Mars_professional_gb.Staedtler?ActiveID=2413 Staedtler Mars pens]