John Leech (caricaturist)

John Leech (August 29, 1817–October 29, 1864 in London) was an English caricaturist.

Early life

John Leech was born in London. His father, a native of Ireland, was the landlord of the London Coffee House on Ludgate Hill, "a man", on the testimony of those who knew him, "of fine culture, a profound Shakespearian, and a thorough gentleman." His mother was descended from the family of Richard Bentley. It was from his father that Leech inherited his skill with the pencil, which he began to use at a very early age. When he was only three, he was discovered by John Flaxman, who was visiting, seated on his mother's knee, drawing with much gravity. The sculptor admired his sketch, adding, "Do not let him be cramped with lessons in drawing; let his genius follow its own bent; he will astonish the world"—advice which was followed. A mail-coach, done when he was six years old, is already full of surprising vigour and variety in its galloping horses. Leech was educated at Charterhouse School, where William Makepeace Thackeray, his lifelong friend, was a fellow pupil, and at sixteen he began to study for the medical profession at St Bartholomew's Hospital, where he won praise for the accuracy and beauty of his anatomical drawings. He was then placed under a Mr Whittle, an eccentric practitioner, the original of "Rawkins" in Albert Smith's "Adventures of Mr Ledbury", and afterwards under Dr John Cockle; but gradually he drifted into the artistic profession.

Artistic career

He was eighteen when his first designs were published, a quarto of four pages, entitled "Etchings and Sketchings by A. Pen, Esq.", comic character studies from the London streets. Then he drew some political lithographs, did rough sketches for "Bell's Life", produced a popular parody on Mulready's postal envelope, and, on the death of Seymour, applied unsuccessfully to illustrate the "Pickwick Papers".

In 1840 Leech began his contributions to the magazines with a series of etchings in "Bentley's Miscellany", where George Cruikshank had published his plates to "Jack Sheppard" and "Oliver Twist", and was illustrating "Guy Fawkes" in feebler fashion.

In company with the elder master Leech designed for the "Ingoldsby Legends" and Stanley Thorn, and until 1847 produced many independent series of etchings. These were not his best work; their technique is imperfect and we never feel that they express the artist's individuality, the Richard Savage plates, for instance, being strongly reminiscent of Cruikshank, and "The Dance at Stamford Hall" of Hablot Browne.

In 1845 Leech illustrated St Giles and St James in Douglas William Jerrold's new "Shilling Magazine", with plates more vigorous and accomplished than those in Bentley, but it is in subjects of a somewhat later date, and especially in those lightly etched and meant to be printed with colour, that we see the artist's best powers with the needle and acid.

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thumb|left|300px|Frontpiece of Dickens"'A Christmas Carol", first edition 1843, illustrated by Leech. Among such of his designs are four charming plates to Charles Dickens's "A Christmas Carol" (1843), the broadly humorous etchings in the "Comic History of England" (1847–1848) [http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=942_A13CO] , and the still finer illustrations to the "Comic History of Rome" (1852) [http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=937_A138C_1850] —which last, particularly in its minor woodcuts, shows some exquisitely graceful touches, as witness the fair faces that rise from the surging water in "Cloelia and her Companions Escaping from the Etruscan Camp." [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

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Among the other etchings which deserve very special reference are those in "Young Master Troublesome" or "Master Jacky's Holidays", and the frontispiece to "Hints on Life, or How to Rise in Society" (1845)—a series of minute subjects linked gracefully together by coils of smoke, illustrating the various ranks and conditions of men, one of them—the doctor by his patient's bedside—almost equalling in vivacity and precision the best of Cruikshank's similar scenes.

Then in the 1850s come the numerous etchings of sporting scenes, contributed, together with woodcuts, to the Handley Cross novels.

Lithographic work

Turning to Leech's lithographic work, we have, in 1841, the "Portraits of the Children of the Mobility", an important series dealing with the humorous and pathetic aspects of London street Arabs, which were afterwards so often and so effectively to employ the artist's pencil. Amid all the squalor which they depict, they are full of individual beauties in the delicate or touching expression of a face, in the graceful turn of a limb. The book is scarce in its original form, but in 1875 two reproductions of the outline sketches for the designs were published—a lithographic issue of the whole series, and a finer photographic transcript of six of the subjects, which is more valuable than even the finished illustrations of 1841, in which the added light and shade is frequently spotty and ineffective, arid the lining itself has not the freedom which we find in some of Leech's other lithographs, notably in the Fly Leaves, published at the "Punch" office, and in the inimitable subject of the nuptial couch of the Caudles, which also appeared, in woodcut form, as a political cartoon, with Mrs Caudle, personated by Brougham, disturbing by untimely loquacity the slumbers of the lord chancellor, whose haggard cheek rests on the woolsack for pillow.

Wood engraving

has said, "admittedly the finest definition and natural history of the classes of our society, the kindest and subtlest analysis of its foibles, the tenderest flattery of its pretty and well-bred ways", which has yet appeared. In addition to his work for the weekly issue of "Punch", Leech contributed largely to the "Punch" almanacks and pocket-books, to "Once a Week" from 1859 until 1862, to the "Illustrated London News", where some of his largest and best sporting scenes appeared, and to innumerable novels and miscellaneous volumes besides, of which it is only necessary to specify "A Little Tour in Ireland" (1859), which is noticeable as showing the artist's treatment of pure landscape, though it also contains some of his daintiest figurepieces, like that of the wind-blown girl, standing on the summit of a pedestal, with the swifts darting around her and the breadth of sea beyond.

Public exhibition

In 1862 Leech appealed to the public with a very successful exhibition of some of the most remarkable of his "Punch" drawings. These were enlarged by a mechanical process, and coloured in oils by the artist himself, with the assistance and under the direction of his friend John Everett Millais. Millais had earlier painted a portrait of a child reading Leech's comic book "Mr Briggs' Sporting Tour".

Character

Leech was a rapid and indefatigable worker. Dean Hole claims to have produce three finished drawings on the wood, designed, traced, and rectified, "without much effort as it seemed, between breakfast and dinner". The best technical qualities of Leech's art, his precision and vivacity in the use of the line, are seen most clearly in the first sketches for his woodcuts, and in the more finished drawings made on tracing-paper from these first outlines, before the "chiaroscuro" was added and the designs were transcribed by the engraver. Turning to the mental qualities of his art, it would be a mistaken criticism which ranked him as a comic draughtsman. Like Hogarth he was a true humorist, a student of human life, though he observed humanity mainly in its whimsical aspects,:"Hitting all he saw with shafts:With gentle satire, kin to charity, :That harmed not."The earnestness and gravity of moral purpose which is so constant a note in the work of Hogarth is indeed far less characteristic of Leech, but there are touches of pathos and of tragedy in such of the "Punch" designs as the "Poor Man's Friend" (1845), and "General Février turned Traitor" (1855), and in "The Queen of the Arena" in the first volume of "Once a Week", which are sufficient to prove that more solemn powers, for which his daily work afforded no scope, lay dormant in their artist. The purity and manliness of Leech's own character are impressed on his art. We find in it little of the exaggeration and grotesqueness, and none of the fierce political enthusiasm, of which the designs of James Gillray are so full. Compared with that of his great contemporary George Cruikshank, his work is restricted both in compass of subject and in artistic dexterity.

See also

*"John Leech's Pictures of Life and Character", by Thackeray
*"Quarterly Review" (December 1854)
*letter by John Ruskin, "Arrows of the Chace", vol. i. p. 161
*"Un Humoriste Anglais", by Ernest Chesneau, "Gazette des Beaux Arts" (1875)
*1911

References

Biographies of Leech have been written by

*John Brown (1882)
*William Powell Frith, "John Leech: His Life and Work" (1891)

External links

* [http://www.john-leech-archive.org.uk/ The John Leech 'Punch' magazine sketch archives]