Kawiti

. "The New Zealand Wars". (Penguin Books, 1986)]

Descended from Nukutawhiti and Rāhiri, he was born in the north of New Zealand into the Ngāti Hine hapu, one of the subtribes of Ngā Puhi. From his youth he was trained in leadership and warfare. He was present at the Battle of Moremonui in 1807 or 1808 when many Ngā Puhi were slaughtered by Ngāti Whātua. Almost twenty years later, in 1825, he was at the Battle of Te Ika a Ranganui when it was Ngā Puhi's turn to slaughter Ngāti Whātua. He took a number of Ngāti Whātua captive and refused to hand them over to Hongi Hika, preferring instead to return them to their own people to whom he was related. [Martin, Kene Hine Te Uira. "Kawiti, Te Ruki ? - 1854". " [http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/ Dictionary of New Zealand Biography] ", updated 22 June 2007.]

Kawiti refused to sign the Treaty of Waitangi on 6 February 1840, believing that it would inevitably lead to further European encroachment and the loss of Māori land. However he eventually yielded to pressure from his own people and signed the Treaty in May 1840, right at the top, above those chiefs who had signed earlier.

However he soon grew disenchanted with the course of events and supported Hone Heke in his protests against British rule. When in March 1845 Heke cut down the flag pole at Kororareka for the fourth time, thereby initiating the First Māori War, Kawiti, now in his seventies, created a diversion by attacking the town.

The first serious engagement of the war was the Battle of Puketutu Pa. While Heke occupied the pa itself, Kawiti and his men were skirmishing in the scrub and gullies around the pa. They successfully prevented the British from launching a coordinated attack on the pa but at quite a heavy cost in casualties.

At the next engagement, the Battle of Ohaeawai Pa, Kawiti provoked the British into a disastrous frontal attack that cost them very heavy casualties. Having achieved his purpose he then evacuated the pa. Following this there was a lull of several months for peace negotiations that went nowhere. Then towards the end of 1845 the British launched a major expedition against Kawiti's new pa at Ruapekapeka. The pa successfully withstood the siege and bombardment for several weeks before Kawiti made a tactical withdrawal, luring some of the British troops into a complex ambush behind the pa. [Belich, James. "The New Zealand Wars". (Penguin Books, 1986)]

The British did not fight alone in this war. They were allied with the important chief, Tāmati Wāka Nene. After Ruapekapeka, Kawiti and a reluctant Heke made their peace with Wāka Nene who in turn insisted that the British accept it.

This was Kawiti's last war. He died at Waiomio on 5 May 1854, lamenting the disunity of the Ngā Puhi people. The meeting house and marae complex at Waiomio Caves are his memorial.

References

*Michael King, "The Penguin History of New Zealand". Pp 161 et seq, (Penguin, 2003) ISBN 97801433018671