- Algebra of Communicating Processes
The Algebra of Communicating Processes (ACP) is an algebraic approach to reasoning about
concurrent systems . It is a member of the family of mathematical theories of concurrency known as process algebras orprocess calculi . ACP was initially developed byJan Bergstra andJan Willem Klop in 1982,J.C.M. Baeten, [http://www.win.tue.nl/fm/0402history.pdf "A brief history of process algebra"] , Rapport CSR 04-02, Vakgroep Informatica, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven,2004 ] as part of an effort to investigate the solutions of unguarded recursive equations. More so than the other seminal process calculi (CCS and CSP), the development of ACP focused on the algebra of processes, and sought to create an abstract, generalized axiomatic system for processes,Bas Luttik, [http://www.win.tue.nl/~luttik/Papers/AlgProc_essay.pdf "What is algebraic in process theory"] , [http://www.cs.auc.dk/~luca/BICI/PA-05/ Algebraic Process Calculi: The First Twenty Five Years and Beyond] , Bertinoro, Italy,August 1 ,2005 ] and in fact the term "process algebra" was coined during the research that led to ACP.Informal description
ACP is fundamentally an algebra, in the sense of
universal algebra . This algebra provides a way to describe systems in terms of algebraic process expressions that define compositions of other processes, or of certain primitive elements.Primitives
ACP uses instantaneous, "
atomic actions " (mathit{a,b,c,...}) as its primitives. Some actions have special meaning, such as the action delta, which representsdeadlock or stagnation, and the action au, which represents a "silent action" (abstracted actions that have no specific identity).Algebraic operators
Actions can be combined to form "processes" using a variety of operators. These operators can be roughly categorized as providing a "basic process algebra", "concurrency", and "communication".
* Choice and sequencing — the most fundamental of algebraic operators are the "alternative" operator (), which provides a choice between actions, and the "sequencing operator" (cdot), which specifies an ordering on actions. So, for example, the process
: a+b)cdot c
: first chooses to perform either mathit{a} or mathit{b}, and then performs action mathit{c}. How the choice between mathit{a} and mathit{b} is made does not matter and is left unspecified. Note that alternative composition is commutative but sequential composition is not (because time flows forward).
* Concurrency — to allow the description of concurrency, ACP provides the "merge" and "left-merge" operators. The merge operator, vert vert, represents the parallel composition of two processes, the individual actions of which are interleaved. The left-merge operator, vertlfloor, is an auxiliary operator with similar semantics to the merge, but a commitment to always choose its initial step from the left-hand process. As an example, the process
:a cdot b) vert vert (c cdot d)
: may perform the actions a, b, c, d in any of the sequences abcd, acbd, acdb, cabd, cadb, cdab. On the other hand, the process
:a cdot b) vert lfloor (c cdot d)
: may only perform the sequences abcd, acbd, acdb since the left-merge operators ensures that the action mathit{a} occurs first.
* Communication — interaction (or communication) between processes is represented using the binary communications operator, vert. For example, the actions r(d) and w(d) might be interpreted as the reading and writing of a data item d in D = {1,2,3,ldots}, respectively. Then the process
:sum_{d in D} r(d) cdot y) vert (w(1) cdot z)
:will communicate the value 1 from the right component process to the left component process ("i.e." the identifier mathit{d} is bound to the value 1, and free instances of mathit{d} in the process mathit{y} take on that value), and then behave as the merge of mathit{y} and mathit{z}.
* Abstraction — the abstraction operator, au_I, provides a way to "hide" certain actions, and treat them as events that are internal to the systems being modelled. Abstracted actions are converted to the "silent step" action au. In some cases, these silent steps can also be removed from the process expression as part of the abstraction process. For example,
: au_{{c((a+b)cdot c) = (a + b) cdot au
:which, in this case, can be reduced to
: a + b
:since the event mathit{c} is no longer observable and has no observable effects.
Formal definition
ACP fundamentally adopts an axiomatic, algebraic approach to the formal definition of its various operators. The axioms presented below comprise the full axiomatic system for ACPτ (ACP with abstraction).
Basic process algebra
Using the alternative and sequential composition operators, ACP defines a "basic process algebra" which satisfies the axiomsJ.A. Bergstra and J.W. Klop, [http://www.cs.vu.nl/~jwk/ACPL-TAU.PDF "ACPτ: A Universal Axiom System for Process Specification"] , CWI Quarterly 15, pp. 3-23,
1987 ]:egin{matrix}x + y &=& y + x\(x+y)+z&=& x+(y+z)\x+x&=&x\(x+y)cdot z &=& (xcdot z) + (ycdot z)\(x cdot y)cdot z &=& x cdot (y cdot z)end{matrix}
Deadlock
Beyond the basic algebra, two additional axioms define the relationships between the alternative and sequencing operators, and the "deadlock" action, delta
:egin{matrix}delta + x &=& x\delta cdot x &=& deltaend{matrix}
Concurrency and interaction
The axioms associated with the merge, left-merge, and communication operators are
:egin{matrix}x vertvert y &=& x vertlfloor y + y vertlfloor x + x vert y\a cdot x vertlfloor y &=& acdot ( x vertvert y)\a vertlfloor y &=& a cdot y \(x+y) vertlfloor z &=& (x vertlfloor z) + (y vertlfloor z)\a cdot x vert b &=& (a vert b)cdot x\a vert b cdot x &=& (a vert b)cdot x\a cdot x vert b cdot y &=& (avert b)cdot (x vert vert y)\(x + y)vert z &=& xvert z + yvert z\x vert (y + z) &=& xvert y + xvert zend{matrix}
When the communications operator is applied to actions alone, rather than processes, it is interpreted as a binary function from actions to actions, vert : A imes A ightarrow A. The definition of this function defines the possible interactions between processes — those pairs of actions that do not constitute interactions are mapped to the deadlock action, delta, while permitted interaction pairs are mapped to corresponding single actions representing the occurrence of an interaction. For example, the communications function might specify that:a vert a ightarrow cwhich indicates that a successful interaction a vert a will be reduced to the action c. ACP also includes an encapsulation operator, partial_H for some H subseteq A, which is used to convert unsuccessful communication attempts (i.e. elements of H that have not been reduced via the communication function) to the deadlock action. The axioms associated with the communications function and encapsulation operator are
:egin{matrix}a vert b &=& b vert a\(a vert b) vert c &=& a vert (b vert c)\a vert delta &=& delta\partial_H(a) &=& a mbox{ if } a otin H\partial_H(a) &=& delta mbox{ if } a in H\partial_H(x + y) &=& partial_H(x) + partial_H(y)\partial_H(x cdot y) &=& partial_H(x) cdot partial_H(y)\end{matrix}
Abstraction
The axioms associated with the abstraction operator are
:egin{matrix} au_I( au) &=& au\ au_I(a) &=& a mbox{ if } a otin I\ au_I(a) &=& au mbox{ if } a in I\ au_I(x + y) &=& au_I(x) + au_I(y)\ au_I(x cdot y) &=& au_I(x) cdot au_I(y)\partial_H( au) &=& au\ x cdot au &=& x\ au cdot x &=& au cdot x + x\acdot( aucdot x + y) &=& acdot( aucdot x + y) + acdot x \ au cdot x vertlfloor y &=& aucdot ( x vertvert y)\ au vertlfloor x &=& au cdot x \ au vert x &=& delta\x vert au &=& delta\ aucdot x vert y &=& x vert y\x vert aucdot y &=& x vert y\(x + y)vert z &=& xvert z + yvert z\x vert (y + z) &=& xvert y + xvert zend{matrix}
Related formalisms
ACP has served as the basis or inspiration for several other formalisms that can be used to describe and analyze concurrent systems, including:
* [http://homepages.cwi.nl/~mcrl/ μCRL]
*
mCRL2 * HyPA — a process algebra for hybrid systems [P.J.L. Cuijpers and M.A. Reniers, "Hybrid process algebra", Technical Report, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University Eindhoven,
2003 ]References
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