Luís Alves de Lima e Silva

Infobox Military Person
name=Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
lived=August 25, 1803 – May 7, 1880
placeofbirth=Duque de Caxias
placeofdeath=Campo de Santana


caption=
nickname=
allegiance=Brazilian
serviceyears=1818–1875
rank=Field Marshal
commands=
unit=
battles=Argentina-Brazil War
Balaiada
Liberal Revolution of São Paulo
Liberal Revolution of Minas Gerais
War of Tatters
War of Triple Alliance
awards=Cavaleiro da "Imperial Ordem do Cruzeiro"
Medalha de Ouro da Independência
Comendador da "Ordem Militar de São Bento de Aviz|Ordem de São Bento de Aviz"
Cavaleiro da "Imperial Ordem da Rosa"
Grã-Cruz da "Ordem Militar de São Bento de Aviz"
Medalha de Ouro da "Campanha do Uruguai"
Grã-Cruz efetivo da "Imperial Ordem da Rosa"
Medalha de Ouro Comemorativa da Rendição de Uruguaiana.
Grã-Cruz da "Imperial Ordem do Cruzeiro"
Grã-Cruz da "Imperial Ordem de D. Pedro I"
"Medalha do Mérito Militar"
Medalha Comemorativa do término da "Guerra do Paraguai"
laterwork=Minister of War in Brazilian Government, and, in several occasions, served as President of the Council of Ministers.

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (IPA: /kaˈʃiɐs/ or /kaˈʃiɐʃ/) (August 25, 1803–May 7, 1880), was a Brazilian military leader and statesman. In more than one occasion, he served as Prime Minister of the Brazilian Empire. Considered one of the most important heroes in Brazilian military history, Caxias fought in the Argentina-Brazil War, the War of Tatters, and, most notably, in the War of Triple Alliance. He was the only non-royal Brazilian to receive the honorary title of Duke (the others being the Duchesses of Goiás and Ceará, illegitimate daughters of Emperor Pedro I), and the only Duke to be created in the reign of Emperor Pedro II.

Caxias entered the military while in adolescence, and rapidly rose to the ranks of General and Baron, subsequently becoming Marshal, Count, Marquis, Senator, and Aide-de-Camp to the Emperor. He was twice Minister of War and also President of the Council, exerting great political influence as a conservative leader. Caxias was superseded as commander of the Brazilian Forces by the Count d'Eu after the capture of Asunción, and received the title of Duke in 1869. The Brazilian holiday "Dia do Soldado" (Portuguese, "Day of the Soldier"), celebrated on his birthday, August 25, and the cities of Duque de Caxias and Caxias do Sul are named in his honor. He is honoured as the Patron of the Brazilian Army.

Birth and childhood

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva was born on 25 August 1803, in a plantation located in Porto da Estrela, nowadays located in the "Parque Histórico Duque de Caxias", in the state of Rio de Janeiro.pt icon [http://www.acordacidadao.hpg.ig.com.br/Duque%20de%20Caxias.htm Duque de Caxias] from "Acorda, Cidadão!". Retrieved July 6, 2006.]

He was the son of Marshal Francisco de Lima e Silva, 1st Baron of Barra Grande (older brother of José Joaquim de Lima e Silva, 1st Viscount of Magé and older brother and father in law of Manuel da Fonseca de Lima e Silva, 1st Baron of Suruí), and wife "Dona" Mariana Cândida de Oliveira Belo, an official in the court of Imperatriz Leopoldina, who later had the honor of presenting the infant Dom Pedro II to the Brazilian royal court.

Little is known of Caxias' childhood. The almanacs of contemporary Rio de Janeiro name his father's dwelling place as "Rua das Violas", currently named Rua Teófilo Otoni. On this street, violin and guitar ("violas") makers would unite with musicians and composers, and greatly marked the development of Caxias' childhood.

It is also known that he studied in the Convento de São Joaquim, which is presently located in the Colégio Dom Pedro II.

Military life

In 1818, at 15 years of age, he enrolled at the "Academia Real Militar" ("Royal Military Academy"), where he was eventually promoted to a Lieutenant, and, in 1821, served in the first artillery battalion, an elite unite of the imperial army.

The return of the royal family eventually resulted in the establishment of the Brazilian Empire. After Dom Pedro I proclaimed the independence, he organized an "Imperial Guarda de Honra e o Batalhão do Imperador" — an Imperial guard formed by eighty military soldiers, considered to be the elite in athletic and tactical skills. Caxias' father received the newly created flag of the Empire from the hands of the Emperor himself, on 10 November, 1822, at the imperial chapel.

On 3 June 1823, the young soldier saw his first military action, when the Emperor's Battalion was sent to Bahia, to crush a pacifist movement against Brazil's independence led by General Madeira de Melo. After returning from this campaign, he received the most prized title of his life as "Veterano da Independência" — veteran of independence.pt icon Netto, João Lourenço da Silva [http://paginas.terra.com.br/educacao/jlourenco/luiz_alves.htm Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva] . Retrieved July 5, 2006. ]

In 1825, he participated in the Argentina-Brazil War, where he fought in the Pampas region with the Emperor's battalion. His bravery and competence as a commander eventually lead to promotion as a Major.

On January 6, 1833 in Rio de Janeiro, he married the sixteen-year-old Ana Luísa do Loreto Fernandes Carneiro Viana (December 30, 1816 – March 23, 1874), whose brother, Paulo Fernandes Carneiro Viana, was later created 1st Baron and 1st Count of São Simão, and whose sister Maria Leonor Fernandes Carneiro Viana, married Dom Francisco da Costa de Sousa de Macedo, 1st Viscount and 1st Marquis of Cunha. They were nephews of Ana Vidal Carneiro da Costa, married to Luís José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Viscount of Cachoeira, José Fernando Carneiro Leão, 1st Baron of Vila Nova de São José, José Alexandre Carneiro Leão, 1st Viscount of São Salvador de Campos and Francisca Mónica Carneiro da Costa, married to Manuel Jacinto Nogueira da Gama, 1st Viscount, 1st Count and 1st Marquis of Baependi, and grandchildren of Ana Francisca Rosa Maciel da Costa, 1st Baroness of São Salvador de Campos de Goitacazes, in Portugal.

In 1837, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and was chosen for "his administrative skills and disciplined spirit," as he pacified a revolt in the Maranhão region, which became known as the "Balaiada".

On 2 December 1839, he was promoted to Colonel, and by an Imperial Charter, nominated as president of Maranhão, and general commander of the military, with the responsibility of taming the post-revolutionary civilians under one rule.

In 1841, Caxias was promoted to the position of a Brigadier General, unanimously invested with the Arms of the Court, and later given the tile of Baron of Caxias, mostly for his efficacy in subjugating the conflict in Maranhão.

In May 1842, following an uprising known as the War of Tatters from the Southern states by the Liberal Party, Dom Pedro II called on Caxias to pacify the region. He was later named commander in chief of operational forces, and vice president of the state. After having accomplished several feats in the mission after a little over a month, the government, fearing a rebellion in Minas Gerais, diverted his activities there nominating him to restore peace to that region — which he did by the beginning of September.

On 30 July 1842, he was given a field commission as Marshal because of his "relevant services in the provinces of São Paulo and Minas Gerais", although he hadn't reached the age of 40. Also that year, he was given a title as commander in chief of the Army, and the presidency of the province of Rio Grande do Sul.

The War of the Tatters still lingered in the south. More than six presidents of the province and generals had commanded the counter-revolutionary forces unsuccessfully. Thus, he was given operational command of the Rio Grande do Sul state. Caxias is remembered for his humility after capturing 10 commanders of the revolutionary forces at Santa Luzia, eventually freeing them. On 1 March, 1845, the War of Tatters ended, and Caxias was given the title "Marechal Barão de Caxias" ("Baron-Marshal of Caxias"), later being promoted to Count. He was also proclaimed the "Pacifier of Brazil" and assumed a the role of a senator in the Rio Grande do Sul province.

In the year 1851, he was made the commander of the "Exército do Sul" ("Southern Army"), and prepared to quell an uprising of gauchos in the southern frontiers of Brazil. After negotiating with the Uruguayan president, Manuel Oribe, he was able to lower the tensions around the border.

In 1852, he was declared a Lieutenant General and Marquis. By 1862, he was made marechal-do-exército — "Marshal of the Army", and resumed the senatorship in 1863.

War of the Triple Alliance

In 1864, the ambitions of the Paraguayan president, Francisco Solano Lopez culminated in the War of Triple Alliance, in which Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay aligned themselves against landlocked Paraguay. Caxias was nominated commander in chief of Imperial forces, in 1866, and is, effectively, "marechal-do-exército" ("Marshal of the Army"). One notable fact is that Caxias utilized air reconnaissance, as he chartered air balloons to monitor military operations on either side of combat.

The military career of Caxias reached its apex in the battles of the campaign. For example, his creating roads in the Gran Chaco, allowing the Brazilian forces to execute a famous march across the Paraguayan Chaco, which his been immortalized in military literature. On the same hand, his leadership reached levels of excellence, as shown in his loyalty to his men crossing a stream to fight in the Battle of Itororó, saying "follow me Brazilians!." He captured the capital of Paraguay, Asunción, on 1 January 1869. For his campaigns in Paraguay, he received the title of Duke of Caxias.

After military career

In 1875, for the third time, he was named the Minister of War and president of the Council of Ministers.

Caxias would still participate in other distinct moments of Brazilian history, such "Questão Religiosa" - "Religious issue," As he was already advanced in age, he retired to his birth place, in the province of Rio de Janeiro, in the Santa Monica ranch.

Death

The Duke of Caxias died on 7 May 1880, at 8:30 p.m

On the next day, a train arrived carrying the Duke's corpse, dressed in a modest uniform, and bearing only two of his numerous medals — those of "General da campanha do Paraguai" (General of the Paraguay campaign) and that of "Mérito Militar" (Military merit).

His final wishes were thus fulfilled after his death, including his wish for a simple funeral, his coffin carried by soldiers from his unit, and his body not being embalmed.

At the burial, the literary magnate, the Viscount of Taunay, who had been a major in the Army, said:

: "six soldiers have carried him; but, gentlemen, these soldiers who surround the glorious hollow and the voice that raises to speak in name of them, are the body and the spirit of all the Brazilian Army. They almost represent the last spell of an everlasting recognition that we military of North and South of this vast Empire, came to give to our old Marshal, who guided us as General, as protector, as father during forty years; soldiers and orator, humble all in our spheres, very small for the proper value, but great for the raised homage and the sincerity of pain".

Soldier’s Day

On 25 August 1923, Caxias' birthday was declared "O dia do soldado" (Soldier’s Day), in homage to his military service to the Brazilian Army. The Army also justified such tribute as he "became one of the greatest Brazilians of all time, giving his nation over 60 years of exceptional service as a politician and public administrator… as a soldier of social peace, and the integrity of the sovereignty of the Brazilian Empire… [pt icon [http://www.exercito.gov.br/01Instit/Historia/Datas/0825/indice.htm Dia do Soldado] from the Army website. Retrieved July 5, 2006.]

Since 1931, the cadets at the Brazilian military academy of "Agulhas Negras", carry a copy of the "Sword of Caxias", a relic at the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro. In 1961, he was honored as the "patron of the Brazilian army."

Medals and decorations

Nobility titles

* Baron in 1841.
* Viscount in 1843.
* Count in 1845.
* Marquis in 1852.
* Duke, 23 March 1869.

Other titles

* Honorary member of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro.
* President do Institut d’Afrique.
* Honorary member of the Instituto Politécnico do Brasileiro.
* Honorary member of the Sociedade dos Veteranos da Independência da Bahia.
* Honorary member of the Instituto Literário Luisense.

Decorations

*Cavaleiro da Imperial Ordem do Cruzeiro.
*Medalha de Ouro da Independência.
*Comendador da Ordem Militar de São Bento de Aviz.
*Cavaleiro da Imperial Ordem da Rosa.
*Grã-Cruz da Ordem Militar de São Bento de Aviz.
*Medalha de Ouro da Campanha do Uruguai
*Grã-Cruz efetivo da Imperial Ordem da Rosa
*Medalha de Ouro Comemorativa da Rendição de Uruguaiana.
*Grã-Cruz da Imperial Ordem do Cruzeiro
*Grã-Cruz da Imperial Ordem de D. Pedro I
*Medalha do Mérito Militar
*Medalha Comemorativa do término da Guerra do Paraguai.

Military campaigns as Army marshal

First rule

* Argentina-Brazil War, 1825

Regency period

* Balaiada (Maranhão), 1841
* Revolution of São Paulo, 1842
* Revolution of Minas Gerais, 1842

econd Rule

* War of the Tatters, 1835 a 1845

References

Persondata
NAME=Alves de Lime e Silva, Luís, Duke of Caxias
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Alves de Lime e Silva, Luís, Duque de Caxias; Alves de Lime e Silva, Louis, Duque de Caxias
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Brazilian hero and politician
DATE OF BIRTH=August 25, 1803
PLACE OF BIRTH=São Paulo, Brazil
DATE OF DEATH=May 7, 1880
PLACE OF DEATH=Campo de Santana