- Panathenaic Games
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The
games were actually part of a much larger religious festival, thePanathenaia , which was held every year. Every fourth year when the games were also held, the festival was known as the "Great Panathenaia," and was 3 or 4 days longer than the regular festival. They were the most prestigious games for the citizens ofAthens , but they were not as important as theOlympic Games or the otherPanhellenic Games .The first Great Panathenaia was organized by Pisistratus in
566 BC , and was modelled on the Olympic Games. Pisistratus also added music and poetry competitions, which were part of thePythian Games but not the Olympics. The games were divided into games for Athenians only, and games for Athenians and any other Greeks who wanted to participate. The games for all Greeks were essentially the same as theOlympics , withboxing , wrestling,pankration ,pentathlon , andchariot racing , but chariot racing was the most prestigious of these, unlike the Olympics where the "stadion" (foot race) was more important. Thewinner of thechariot race received as aprize 140 "Panathenaic Amphorae " full of olive oil.The games in which only the Athenians were allowed to participate were somewhat different. These included a torch race from the
Piraeus to theAcropolis (the supposed ancestor of the modern Olympic torch relay that takes place prior to the Games, though in reality the modern torch race was invented as propaganda for Hitler's 1936 Berlin Olympic Games), mock infantry and cavalry battles, ajavelin throw onhorseback , the "apobatai" (a chariot race in which the driver had to jump out of thechariot , run alongside, and jump back in), the "pyrriche" (apparently military exercises accompanied by music), and the "euandrion" (essentially a beauty contest among the athletes). In later years there was also a rowing competition. The Panathenaea also included poetic and musical competitions. Prizes were awarded for rhapsodic recitation ofHomer ic poetry, for instrumental music on theaulos (doubleoboe ) andkithara (lyre ), and for singing to the accompaniment of the aulos (aulody) and kithara (citharody).The procession to the Parthenon was, however, more important than the games themselves. During the Great Panathenaia (but not the regular Panathenaia held every year), a special robe (the "
peplos ") was made by the women of Athens for the statue ofAthena , which was carried to the Parthenon as part of the procession. There was also a large sacrifice made to Athena, the hekatombe ("sacrifice of a hundred oxen") and the meat from the sacrificed animals was used in an enormous banquet on the final night of the festival, the pannychis ("all-nighter"). Many scholars believe that this procession is the theme of theParthenon Frieze .The athletic events were staged at the Panathenaic Stadium, which is still in use today.
In addition, the Games included a reading of both the Odyssey and the Iliad.
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