Yusuf Karamanli

Yusuf (ibn Ali) Karamanli, Qaramanli or al-Qaramanli or Caramanli (most commonly Yusuf Karamanli), (1766-1838) was the best-known Pasha (reigned 1795-1832) of the Karamanli dynasty (1711-1835) of Tripolitania (in present-day Libya), noted for being the first head of state to declare war on the newly independent United States.

Assumption of the throne

Yusuf, a member of the Karamanli (Caramanli) dynasty (originally from and named after the town of Karaman, south of Konya, in present-day Turkey), saw his brother Hamet deposed in 1793, by Ottoman officer Ali Benghul; Benghul proceeded to restore Ottoman rule over Tripoli. In 1795, however, Yusuf returned to Tripoli, and with the aid of the Bey (ruler) of Tunis, seized the throne, exiling Hamet and restoring Karamanli rule.

Barbary Wars

In 1801, Yusuf demanded a tribute of $225,000 from United States President Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson, confident in the ability of the new United States Navy to protect American shipping, refused the Pasha's demands, leading the Pasha to unofficially declare war in May 1801 by chopping down the flagpole before the American consulate.

The US Navy successfully blockaded Tripoli's harbors in 1803. After some initial military successes, most notably the capture of the USS "Philadelphia", the pasha soon found himself threatened with invasion by American ground forces following the Battle of Derna and the reinstatement of his deposed brother, Hamet Karamanli, recruited by the American army officer William Eaton. He signed a treaty ending the war on June 10, 1805.

Decline of the Karamanli (Caramanli) dynasty

By 1819, the various treaties of the Napoleonic Wars had forced the Barbary states to give up piracy almost entirely, and Tripoli's economy began to crumble. ref|Hume Yusuf attempted to compensate for lost revenue by encouraging the trans-Saharan slave trade, but with abolitionist sentiment on the rise in Europe and to a lesser degree the United States, this failed to salvage Tripoli's economy. As Yusuf weakened, factions sprung up around his three sons; though Yusuf abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II, civil war soon resulted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, but instead deposed and exiled Ali II, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripoli. ref|USCountryStudies

Notes

# Hume 311.
# [http://countrystudies.us/libya/16.htm US Country Studies]

References

*Hume, L. J. "Preparations for Civil War in Tripoli in the 1820s: Ali Karamanli, Hassuna D'Ghies and Jeremy Bentham." "The Journal of African History" 21.3 (1980): 311-322.
* London, Joshua E. "Victory in Tripoli: How America's How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation". New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. ISBN 0-471-44415-4
*McLachlan, K. S. "Tripoli and Tripolitania: Conflict and Cohesion during the Period of the Barbary Corsairs (1551-1850)." "Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series" 3.3 (1978): 285-294.

Books

* LAFI (Nora), Une ville du Maghreb entre ancien régime et réformes ottomanes. Genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie (1795-1911), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2002, 305 p. [http://www.harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=4980]

External links

* [http://countrystudies.us/libya/16.htm US Country Studies: Libya]
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Libya.htm#Tripolitania Worldstatesmen.org's History and list of rulers of Tripolitania]
* [http://www.hostkingdom.net/noafrica.html#Tripoli Hostkingdom.net's History and list of rulers of Tripolitania]