William Cullen

Infobox Scientist
name = William Cullen
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caption = William Cullen
birth_date = 15 April 1710
birth_place = Hamilton, Lanarkshire
death_date = 5 February 1790
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nationality = Scottish
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field = doctor and chemist
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alma_mater = University of Edinburgh
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William Cullen (15 April 1710 – 5 February 1790) was a Scottish doctor and chemist.

Early life

Cullen was born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire. He studied at Hamilton Grammar School, then, in 1726, began a General Studies arts course at the University of Glasgow. He began his medical training as apprentice to John Paisley, a Glasgow apothecary surgeon, then spent 1729 as surgeon on a merchant vessel trading between London and the West Indies. After two years as assistant apothecary to Mr Murray of Henrietta Street, London, he returned to Scotland in 1732 to establish himself in general medical practice in the parish of Shotts, Lanarkshire. From 1734 to 1736 he studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, where he became interested in chemistry, and was one of the founders of the Royal Medical Society.

In 1736 he began medical practise in Hamilton, where he rapidly acquired a high reputation. He also continued his study of the natural sciences, especially of chemistry. From 1737 to 1740 William Hunter was his resident pupil, and at one time they proposed to enter into partnership. In 1740 Cullen was awarded the degree of M.D. from Glasgow University. In 1741, he married and started his family. He became ordinary medical attendant to James Douglas, 5th Duke of Hamilton (1703-43), his family, and his livestock. In 1744, following the Duke's death, the Cullens moved to Glasgow.

After university (in 1747), he was awarded Britain's first independent lectureship in Chemistry and was elected President of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. In 1751 he was appointed Professor of the Practice of Medicine, but continued to also lecture on chemistry.

In Glasgow he gave extramural lectures, for the University, on physiology, botany, materia medica, and chemistry. His great abilities, enthusiasm, and use of practical demonstrations for instruction, made him a successful and highly popular teacher, attracting large classes. At the same time he also practised physic. In 1747 he was appointed to a lectureship in chemistry. Cullen was a diligent, but unoriginal, investigator and experimenter. However, he encouraged original research among his pupils, one of whom was Joseph Black.

Edinburgh

In 1755 he was enticed by Lord Kames to become Professor of Chemistry and Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. It was in Edinburgh, in 1756, that he gave the first documented public demonstration of artificial refrigeration [William Cullen, "Of the Cold Produced by Evaporating Fluids and of Some Other Means of Producing Cold," in Essays and Observations Physical and Literary Read Before a Society in Edinburgh and Published by Them, II, (Edinburgh 1756)] . Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled , absorbing heat from the surroundings. This created a small amount of ice, but the process found no commercial application.

From 1757 he delivered lectures on clinical medicine in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.

On the death of Charles Alston in 1760, Cullen at the request of the students undertook to finish his course of lectures on "materia medica"; he delivered an entirely new course, notes of which were published in an unauthorized edition in 1771, but which he re-wrote and issued as "A Treatise on Materia Medica" in 1789.

On the death of Robert Whytt, the professor of the institutes of medicine, Cullen accepted the chair, at the same time resigning that of chemistry. In the same year he had been an unsuccessful candidate for the professorship of the practice of physic (medicine), but subsequently an arrangement was made between him and John Gregory, the successful candidate, by which they both agreed to deliver alternate courses on the theory and practice of medicine. This arrangement continued until the sudden death of Gregory in 1773. Cullen was then appointed sole professor of the practice of physic, and he continued in this office until a few months before his death. He died on February 5, 1790.

Cullen's eldest son Robert became a Scottish judge in 1796 under the title of Lord Cullen later Baron Cullen [ [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?search=as&grp=1095%3BScottish+sitters+and+artists&lDate=&LinkID=mp55787&rNo=0&role=sit NPG D2239; Robert Cullen, Baron Cullen ] ] , and was known for his powers of mimicry.

Publications

His chief works were "First Lines of the Practice of Physic"; "Institutions of Medicine" (1710): and "Synopsis Nosologiae Methodicae" (1785), which contained his classification of diseases into four great classes (1) "Pyrexiae", or febrile diseases, as typhus fever; (2) "Neuroses", or nervous diseases, as epilepsy; (3) "Cachexiae", or diseases resulting from bad habit of body, as scurvy; and (4) "Locales", or local diseases, as cancer.

References

Further reading

*Citation
id = PMID:11616322
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11616322
last=Christie
first=J. R.
publication-date=1994
year=1994
title=Historiography of chemistry in the eighteenth century: Hermann Boerhaave and William Cullen
volume=41
issue=1
periodical=Ambix
pages=4-19
*Citation
id = PMID:793940
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/793940
last=Cramer
first=M.
last2=De Morsier
first2=G.
publication-date=1976
year=1976
title = Teachings of the physican William Cullen of Edinburg (1712-1790) transcribed by his student physician Louis Odier of Geneva (1748-1817)
volume=33
issue=3-4
periodical=Gesnerus
pages=217-27
*Citation
id = PMID:4929623
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4929623
last=Crellin
first=J. K.
publication-date=1971 Jan
year=1971
title=William Cullen: his calibre as a teacher, and an unpublished introduction to his A Treatise of the Materia Medica, London, 1773
volume=15
issue=1
periodical=Medical history
pages=79-87
*Citation
id = PMID:3909876
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3909876
last=Dubois
first=J. C.
publication-date=1985 Jun
year=1985
title = Neuroses and practical medicine in the works of William Cullen
volume=143
issue=6
periodical=Annales médico-psychologiques
pages=572-7
*Citation
id = PMID:13632206
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13632206
last=Johnstone
first= R. W.
publication-date=1959 Jan
year=1959
title=William Cullen
volume=3
issue=1
periodical=Medical history
pages=33-46
*Citation
id = PMID:2031172
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2031172
last=McGirr
first=E. M.
publication-date=1991 Feb
year=1991
title=William Cullen MD (1710-1790)
volume=36
issue=1
periodical=Scottish medical journal
pages=6
*Citation
id = PMID:2031170
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2031170
last=McGirr
first=E. M.
last2=Stoddart
first2=W.
publication-date=1991 Feb
year=1991
title=Changing theories in 18th-century medicine. The inheritance and legacy of William Cullen
volume=36
issue=1
periodical=Scottish medical journal
pages=23-6
*Citation
id = PMID:4129567
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4129567
last=Risse
first=G. B.
publication-date=1973 Mar
year=1973
title=William Cullen and child care. A 1788 letter
volume=8
issue=1
periodical=Clio medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
pages=65-7
*Citation
id = PMID:4618142
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4618142
last=Risse
first=G. B.
publication-date=1974
year=1974
title = Doctor William Cullen, physician, Edinburgh": a consultation practice in the Eighteenth Century
volume=48
issue=3
periodical=Bulletin of the history of medicine
pages=338-51
*Citation
id = PMID:11612030
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11612030
last=Stott
first=R.
publication-date=1986 Jun
year=1986
title=William Cullen and Edinburgh medicine: a reappraisal
volume=38
issue=
periodical=The Society for the Social History of Medicine bulletin
pages=7-9
*Citation
id = PMID:3550326
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3550326
last=Stott
first=R.
publication-date=1987 Apr
year=1987
title=Health and virtue: or, how to keep out of harm's way. Lectures on pathology and therapeutics by William Cullen c. 1770
volume=31
issue=2
periodical=Medical history
pages=123-42
*Citation
id = PMID:14114029
url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14114029
publication-date=1964 Apr 27
year=1964
title= William Cullen (1710-1790)
volume=188
issue=
periodical=JAMA
pages=388-9
*1911

External links

* [http://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~alanc/dept/cullen.htm Extracts from Senatus Minutes, University of Glasgow]
* [http://www.chem.ed.ac.uk/public/professors/cullen.html Biography by W. P. Doyle] at University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry
* [http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0251.html Biography, qualifications, sources] at Navigational Aids for the History of Science, Technology & the Environment