San Diego International Airport

Infobox Airport
name = San Diego International Airport
nativename = Lindbergh Field


image-width =
IATA = SAN
ICAO = KSAN
FAA = SAN
type = Public
owner = [http://www.san.org/Airport_Authority/index.asp San Diego County Regional Airport Authority]
operator =
city-served =
location = San Diego, California
elevation-f = 17
elevation-m = 5
website = http://www.san.org
r1-number = 9/27
r1-length-f = 9,401
r1-length-m = 2,865
r1-surface = Asphalt/Concrete
stat-year = 2007
stat1-header = Passengers
stat1-data = 18,326,761
stat2-header = International Passengers
stat2-data = 269,790
stat3-header = Traffic Movements
stat3-data = 227,329
footnotes = Source: FAAFAA-airport|ID=SAN|use=PU|own=PU|site=02170.*A, effective 2007-10-25] , Airport Authority [http://www.san.org/ San Diego International Airport] ]

San Diego International Airport Airport codes|SAN|KSAN|SAN, also known as Lindbergh Field, is a public airport located three miles (five km) northwest of the central business district of San Diego, California and also convert|20|mi|km from the International Border at Tijuana, Mexico. It is owned by the [http://www.san.org/Airport_Authority/index.asp San Diego County Regional Airport Authority] .

San Diego International is the busiest single-runway commercial service airport in the United States, and second in the world (behind London Gatwick Airport) with approximately 600 departures and arrivals carrying 50,000 passengers each day, and a total of 18.3 million passengers in 2007.

SAN occupies the smallest land footprint of any large commercial airport in the United States, occupying 661 acres (2.67 km²) of land.

The airport currently serves as a focus city for Southwest Airlines. The most prominent airlines at the airport [as of July 2008] were Southwest Airlines (34.4%), United Airlines/United Express (10.7%), and American Airlines/American Eagle (10.3%).

History

Dedicated on August 16 1928, the new airport was given the prominent name "San Diego Municipal Airport - Lindbergh Field". This naming occurred because San Diego holds the honor of being the city from which Charles Lindbergh began the journey that would ultimately become the first solo transatlantic flight in addition to the place where the aircraft The Spirit of St. Louis was built. Additionally, the airport holds the distinction of being the first federally certified airfield to serve all aircraft types, including seaplanes. The original terminal was located on the northeastern side of the field, along Pacific Coast Highway. The airport also holds the distinction of serving as a testing facility for several early U.S. sailplane designs, notably those by William Hawley Bowlus (Superintendent of Construction on the Spirit of St. Louis) who also operated the Bowlus Glider School at Lindbergh Field from 1929-1930. On June 1 1930, a regular San Diego-Los Angeles airmail route was initiated. The airport gained 'international airport' status in 1934, and a United States Coast Guard Air Base located adjacent to the field was commissioned in April 1937. The Coast Guard's fixed-wing aircraft make use of the runway at Lindbergh Field.

World War II brought significant change to the airfield when the U.S. Army Air Corps took it over in 1942 to support the war effort. The infrastructure of the airport was improved to handle the heavy bombers being manufactured in the region during the war. This transformation, including an convert|8750|ft|m|sing=on runway, made the airport "jet-ready' long before jet passenger planes came into widespread service [http://www.san.org] . After the war, commercial air service at Lindbergh Field expanded rapidly. Pacific Southwest Airlines established its headquarters in San Diego and inaugurated service at Lindbergh Field in 1949 to points throughout California. In 1960, Lindbergh Field gained its first jet service, with American Airlines and United Airlines operating the Boeing 720 to Phoenix and San Francisco, respectively.

Tragedy struck on September 25 1978, when a Pacific Southwest Airlines Boeing 727, operating as PSA Flight 182, suffered a mid-air collision with a privately owned Cessna 172 while on final approach to Lindbergh Field, ultimately crashing into a dense neighbood apartment near University Ave. off of the I-805 corridor. One hundred and twenty-eight passengers and seven crew members on board the Boeing, two on board the Cessna and seven people on the ground were killed. This disaster remains the single worst aircraft accident in California history.

The original terminal was used until the 1960s, but by that time, air traffic in San Diego had increased considerably and new facilities were needed badly. The current Terminal 1 was opened on the southern side of the airport property on March 5 1967. It was not until July 11 1979 that Terminal 2 was opened. A third terminal, dubbed the Commuter Terminal, opened on July 23 1996. Terminal 2 was later expanded by convert|300000|sqft|m2|-4 in 1998.

Originally operated by the San Diego Unified Port District, the airport is now operated by the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority.

Flight operations

The vast majority of takeoffs and landings at SAN are from east to west.

Landing at the airport from the east (the most common approach) offers dramatic closeup views of skyscrapers, Petco Park (home of the San Diego Padres), and the soaring, curving Coronado Bridge from the left side of the aircraft. On the right, Balboa Park, site of the 1915-1916 Panama-California Exposition, can be seen, along with the world famous San Diego Zoo and several freeways.

The approach from the east is steep, necessitated by terrain which drops from convert|266|ft|m to sea level in less than a mile. Aircraft normally descend at 317' per mile, but in San Diego they must descend at 376' per mile. San Diego's only runway is located at the base of a hill lined with several obstructions, including the I-5 freeway and trees in Balboa Park. Contrary to local lore, the parking structure off the end of the runway was built long after previous obstructions built up east of the I-5. The parking structure was then built up to this controlling limit. Aircraft clear the parking structure by the required convert|109|ft|m.

Aircraft arriving from the east do not land at the end of the runway as at most airports, but land at what is called a displaced threshold, located convert|1810|ft|m from the runway end, effectively shortening the landing distance to convert|7591|ft|m. Aircraft departing to the west use the east end of the runway as their departure point.

Reverse operations

Under Santa Ana wind conditions, operations are reversed with landings and takeoffs to the east. Because of the terrain, weight limits are imposed on departing aircraft under these conditions.

Terrain east and west of the airport greatly impacts the available runway length. Runway 27 (heading west) has a climb gradient of 317' per nautical mile leaving an equivalent takeoff distance of roughly 8,700' (7,000' for twin engine aircraft) compared to a non-terrain airport. Taking off to the east requires a 600' per mile climb rate, this leaves an equivalent takeoff distance of 6,400', enough to force a weight penalty on the 737-800. It should also be noted that Lindbergh Field does not have standard "Runway Safety Areas" 1,000' in length at each runway end. An Engineered Material Arresting System (EMAS) has been installed at the west end of the runway to catch any aircraft overruns, but its 318' length vs. a standard 600' EMAS can only for certain stop aircraft up to convert|350000|lb|abbr=on in weight. The east end of the runway does not have such a system as its use would reduce the runway length by at least 400', further impacting the runway's capability.

Under fog conditions, aircraft takeoff toward the west (Runway 27) but arrivals also approach from the west (Runway 9, the only direction equipped with ILS). This can cause traffic problems and delays both in the air and on the ground.

Noise curfew

SAN is located in a highly populated area. To appease the airport's neighbors' concerns over noise and the associated lawsuit, a curfew was put in place in 1979. Departures are allowed between 6:30 AM and 11:30 PM. Outside those hours, departures are subject to a large fine. Arrivals are permitted 24 hours per day. Several flights are scheduled with departure times before 6:15 AM. These times, however, are pushback times. First takeoff roll is at 6:30 AM.

Current status

In September 2008 San Diego International Airport will be served by 21 passenger airlines [ [http://san.org/airport/flights/airlines.asp Airlines serving San Diego] ] and six cargo airlines which fly to 41 destinations in the United States, Canada, and Mexico [ [http://san.org/airport/flights/nonstop.asp Nonstop cities from San Diego] ] .

The busiest route in terms of operations is to Los Angeles with 30 weekday round trips split between United Express and American Eagle. The busiest route in terms of available seats per day is to Oakland spread across 16 weekday round trips on Southwest Airlines.

In January 2008, San Diego International Airport entered the blogosphere with the launch of the first employee blog - the [http://www.ambassablog.com Goodwill Ambassablog] - for a major U.S. airport. Written by front-line employees, the blog features regular posts on airport activities, events and initiatives; reader comments; and several multimedia and interactive features. It has been presented as a case study in employee blogging to several public agencies at the federal, state and local levels.

Public transport is provided by MTS bus #992, which connects the airport to downtown San Diego, where connections can be made to other bus routes and the San Diego Trolley, COASTER, and Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner.

USCG operations

An interesting feature of the airport is the existence of the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) air station in the south-east corner of the airfield. The air station is physically separated from the rest of the airfield, so that USCG fixed-wing aircraft must cross a busy, 6-lane city street to reach the runway. Street light activation opens the locked gates to the airfield and the air station, and also stops traffic while aircraft are crossing the street. This is an extremely rare occurrence as there are no fixed-wing aircraft assigned to Coast Guard Air Station San Diego.

Relocation proposals

California Assembly Bill AB 93 [ [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/asm/ab_0051-0100/ab_93_bill_20011014_chaptered.html California Assembly Bill 93] ] created the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority in 2001. The [ [http://san.org/authority/amp/aviation_activity_forecast_fact_sheet.asp SDCRAA Projects SAN Will Reach Capacaity Between 2015-2022] ] SDCRAA believes that Lindbergh Field will reach capacity between 2015 and 2022. In June 2006, SDCRAA board members selected Marine Corps Air Station Miramar as its preferred site for a replacement airport, despite military objections. On November 7, 2006, San Diego County residents defeated an advisory relocation which included a joint use proposal [http://voiceofsandiego.org/articles/2006/11/08/news/01miramar.txt measure] . [ [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20060605-1329-bn05airport.html SDCRAA Endorses Miramar For New Airport Site, Despite Military Protest] (San Diego Tribune: June 5, 2006)] This presents an interesting twist on San Diego's aviation future. Industry experts agree that Lindbergh Field will in fact run out of capacity, although when can be debated.

The airport is operating with 70% of its total gate capacity of 60 gates and will soon add 10 more gates taking the airport to 92% of its total gate capacity.

Twenty-two studies have been conducted on where to place an airport dating back to 1923. The first study developed the site location plan for Lindbergh field. Eighteen studies were conducted by private groups, most in the early days by those who were opposed to Lindbergh being built instead of on land set aside at what is now Montgomery Field. One was a revisitation of a study done in the 80's by the City in a "pre-BRAC" push in 1994 when Miramar closed and was then transferred to a Marine Base. Another was by the City of San Diego in 1984 and another that started in 1996 and sat dormant with SANDAG until the Airport Authority was formed in 2001. This study is the first study ever done to look for a new site by an agency that actually had jurisdiction over the issue, and the first non-site specific comprehensive study of the entire region.

Terminals, airlines and destinations

Complete information on flights to and from SAN is available at [http://www.san.org/airport/flights/timetables.asp the Flight Planner section of the airport's web site.]

Terminal 1

Terminal 1 is composed of Terminal 1 East and Terminal 1 West with 19 Gates: 1 - 19

Note: International Arrivals, excluding flights from airports with border preclearance, are handled in Terminal 2.

Terminal 1 East (Gates 1-10)

* Southwest Airlines (Albuquerque, Austin, Baltimore/Washington, Chicago-Midway, Denver, El Paso, Houston-Hobby, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Nashville, Oakland, Phoenix, Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), Tucson)

Terminal 1 West (Gates 11-19)

* Air Canada (Vancouver)
* Alaska Airlines (Portland (OR), Los Cabos, Seattle/Tacoma)
* United Airlines (Chicago-O'Hare, Denver, San Francisco, Washington-Dulles)

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 is composed of Terminal 2 West and Terminal 2 East. It has 22 Gates: 20 - 41

Note: Terminal 2 handles all international arrivals at Lindbergh (excluding airports with border preclearance), as well as the following departing flights:
* Aeroméxico (Los Cabos, Mexico City)
* AirTran Airways (Atlanta, Milwaukee [seasonal] )
* Allegiant Air (Bellingham)
* American Airlines (Chicago-O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, New York-JFK, St. Louis)
* Continental Airlines (Houston-Intercontinental, Newark)
* Delta Air Lines (Atlanta, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, New York-JFK, Salt Lake City)
** Delta Connection operated by SkyWest Airlines (Salt Lake City)
* Frontier Airlines (Denver)
* Hawaiian Airlines (Honolulu)
* JetBlue Airways (Boston, New York-JFK, Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma)
* Northwest Airlines (Detroit, Memphis [seasonal] , Minneapolis/St. Paul)
* Sun Country Airlines (Minneapolis/St. Paul)
* US Airways (Charlotte, Las Vegas, Philadelphia, Phoenix)
** US Airways Express operated by Mesa Airlines (Phoenix)
* Virgin America (San Francisco)

Commuter Terminal

The Commuter Terminal has 4 Gates: 1 - 4
* American Airlines
** American Eagle (Los Angeles, San Jose (CA))
* United Airlines
** United Express operated by SkyWest Airlines (Los Angeles)

Cargo airlines

* BAX Global
* Capital Cargo International Airlines
* DHL
** DHL operated by ABX Air (Wilmington (OH))
* FedEx Express (Memphis, Indianapolis, Oakland) - carries 78% of all SAN freight
* UPS Airlines (Ontario (CA), Louisville)

Other Nearby Commerical Airports

Tijuana International Airport is direcly ajacent the US border. The Tijuana airport offers intercontinental nonstop flights to Tokyo-Narita [ [http://www.aeromexico.com/usa/english/pages/travel/what_new/flights/narita.html Tijuana International Airport Narita (NRT) Aeroméxico Route] ] and Shanghai [ [http://www.aeromexico.com/usa/english/pages/travel/what_new/flights/shanghai.html Tijuana International Airport Shanghai (PVG) Aeroméxico Route] ] , as well as many destinations within Mexico. The capture of US passengers on these international flights from the San Diego region are unknown. Various proposals for cross border terminals have been discussed over the years with no resolution to date. Such an arrangement would require susbstantial coordination with the US State Department to resolve any regulatory issues.

Accidents and incidents

* On the morning of September 25, 1978, a Boeing 727-200 operating flight PSA Flight 182 on the Sacramento-Los Angeles-San Diego Route collided in mid-air with a Cessna 172 while attempting to land at San Diego Airport. The two aircraft collided over San Diego's North Park, killing all 135 people on Flight 182 and the two people on the Cessna.

Awards

* Airports Council International (ACI) ranked San Diego-Lindbergh Field the #4 best airport in North America in 2007. ACI also ranked SAN the #2 best airport in the world with 15-25 million passengers in 2007. [ [http://www.metroairport.com/uploads/docs/NR_2007_ASQ_Awards.pdf San Diego-Lindbergh Field Ranked #4 Best Airport In North America] ]

See also

*General Abelardo L. Rodriguez International Airport
* California World War II Army Airfields

References

External links

* [http://www.san.org San Diego International Airport] - official site
* [http://www.ambassablog.com Goodwill Ambassablog] - official Airport Authority employee blog
* [http://www.airliners.net/ Airliners.net] - Search for San Diego under Photo Search and see the colorful past of San Diego airport through the years
* [http://www.airportmonkey.com/SANAirportPark.htm San Diego Airport Parking]
*WikiMapia|32.7336|-117.1897|13
*FAA-diagram|00373
*US-airport|SAN