- Lorenzo A. Richards
Lorenzo Adolph Richards (1904–1993) or known as "Ren" was one of the 20th century’s most influential minds in the field of
soil physics . [cite journal |author=Gardner, W.R. |year=1972 |title=The impact of L.A. Richards upon the field of soil water physics |journal=Soil Science |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=232–237 |doi=10.1097/00010694-197204000-00002 ] [cite journal |author=Philip J.R. |year=1974 |title=Fifty years progress in soil physics |journal=Geoderma |volume=12 |pages=265–280 |doi=10.1016/0016-7061(74)90021-4 ] Richards was born onApril 24 ,1904 , in the town ofFielding, Utah , and received a B.S. and M.A. degree in Physics fromUtah State University . His PhD thesis, completed atCornell University in 1931 and entitled "Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums", [cite paper |author=Richards, L.A. |title=Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums |version=PhD Thesis |publisher=Cornell University |date=1931 ] was arguably one of the best known in the field of soil physics. Following his time at Cornell, and a brief stint atIowa State University , Richards spent the most part of his working life engaged in soil physics research at theUnited States Department of Agriculture Salinity Laboratory inRiverside, California .Research
Richards' PhD thesis represented the first decisive progress beyond the work of
Edgar Buckingham in the extension ofDarcy's law to describe water movement in unsaturated soils. In this research, Richard described apartial differential equation, now commonly known by as theRichards equation .One of Richards' key interests was the energy status of soil water, and he led the way in developing new and improved methods of measuring soil
water potential . Early in his career, Richards recognised the importance ofcapillary potential to plant-soil relations, and described the principles, construction and operation of thetensiometer . Richards also proposed the tension plate apparatus for determining capillary potential in soil. The tensiometer was developed from the idea of using a semi-permeable, porous ceramic material to balance a pressure potential against a matric potential; once equilibrium had established, the matric potential of the soil could be determined by balancing the pressure potential.Richards made continual improvements to his original design and the operation of the tensiometer. The problem of measuring capillary potential beyond the range of the tensiometer was a further research interest of Richards. In 1941 he published a paper describing the pressure-membrane apparatus. Although Richards claimed the primary purpose of the apparatus was the extraction of soil solution for salinity analysis, he also pointed out its potential for application to energy studies
Other work
Another important element of Richard’s work was in the field of soil-water-plant relations, and led to the standardisation of characteristic soil-water properties. Together with scientists at the USDA Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, Richards correlated water content at certain water potential values with then current soil water parameters. The currently accepted moisture potential values defining the lower and upper limits for plant growth; at
field capacity (−1/3 bar, or −33 J/kg) andpermanent wilting point (−15 bar, or −1500 J/kg) were determined through experimental work by Richards and his colleagues.Over forty working years, Lorenzo Richards contributed much to knowledge of the energy status and transport of water in soil. He developed much of the modern apparatus and methodology used for study of soil water, hence playing a pivotal role in the transformation of knowledge on this subject from the qualitative stage to one based on measurements and mathematics.
References
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