Azuma Kagami

The nihongo|"Azuma Kagami"|吾妻鏡/東鑑, or "mirror of the east", is a Japanese medieval text that chronicles events of the Kamakura Shogunate, from Minamoto no Yoritomo's rebellion agaist the Heike in Izokuni in 1180 to Munetaka Shinno (the 6th shogun) and his return to Kyoto in 1266National Archives of Japan] Feng, Wang] . The work is also called nihongo|"Hōjōbon"|北条本 after the late Hōjō clan of Odawara, in whose possession it used to be before it was given as a present to Tokugawa Ieyasu. It originally consisted of 52 chapters, but the 45th has been lost. In spite of its many flaws, the work is the most important existing document concerning the Kamakura period. The word "east" in its name refers to the Kantō region where Kamakura is, which is east of Kyoto.

History

The "Azuma Kagami" was compiled after 1266 under the directive of the Hōjō shikken (officially a regent to a shogun, but the "de facto" ruler) and is a record in diary form of events occurring in Japan. Written in a Japanized version of classical Chinese known as nihongo|"hentai kanbun"|変体漢文, the massive work was incomprehensible to most Japanese until an edition with furigana glosses was published in 1626. In 1603 it was given in present to shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu, who then ordered the preparation and publication of the nihongo|Fushimi edition|伏見版|fushimiban of the "Azuma Kagami" in "Kokatsujiban", the old movable-type printing. This edition in turn became the basis for modern printed editions. Ieyasu considered the book as the product of historical wisdom, kept it at his side, and consulted it often.

Content

The "Azuma Kagami" is an enormously detailed record of different activities centering on the shogun with almost daily entries that include even notes on the weather. It used to be considered an official Kamakura Bakufu diary, but it contains sections about events in distant areas written on the day of occurrence, and which were therefore clearly added laterJapanese Wikipedia] . Its content varies from the words and the deeds of the shogun, officials, and military men to poems, literary pieces, descriptions of hunts, banquets and notes on the weather. As such, it's probably a compilation of information about the Hōjō regency period taken from Hōjō, Adachi and other noble houses archives, plus temple and shrine records. Predictably, it's heavily slanted towards a Hōjō point of view but, because of its painstaking attention to details, it is nonetheless an important document to understand the Kamakura Bakufu period.

Reliability Problems of the "Azuma Kagami"

The Azuma Kagami suffers from some reliability problems. To begin with, there are unexplained gaps in it, one being for example the three important years following the death of Minamoto no Yoritomo. Whether these blanks are scattered and insignificant losses or deliberate and systematic acts of censorship is unclear, and opinions on the subject are divided. There are even dubious allegations that Ieyasu himself ordered the elimination of paragraphs he considered shameful for a famous commander like Yoritomo.

The book also shows a too obvious pro-Hōjō, anti-Minamoto bias. It depicts Hōjō adversaries Minamoto no Yoriie and Kajiwara Kagetoki as evil doers in exaggerated terms. Minamoto no Yoshitsune, vice versa, is spoken of very highly in spite of the fact he fought against his own brother Yoritomo. This partisanship is evident in many other cases throughout the book. For example, the episode of Shizuka Gozen, who was captured by Hōjō Tokimasa and forces loyal to Yoritomo and, according to some versions of the story, was forced to dance for the new shogun at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū, flatters Hōjō Masako while depicting shogun Yoritomo as a narrow-minded bigot.

Finally, it contains many factual errors.

Weng Guangping and the "Wuqi jing bu"

Chinese scholar Weng Guangping (1760 - 1847) read a copy of the book in China, and found it valuable but marred by errors. After struggling to obtain a complete copy, he decided to correct, expand and amend it using other Japanese and Chinese texts dealing with Japan. After seven years of work, in 1814 he finished the "Wuqi jing bu", or "Emendations to the Azuma Kagami". The "Wuqi jing bu" had, as far as we know, two editions, one consisting of 28 and the other of 30 chapters, both handwritten. Because Weng had never been to Japan, the book had major limitations in various areas, but it nonetheless became a valuable introduction to Japan and its civilization.

Notes

References

* [http://www.archives.go.jp/english/ourholdings/popup/12.html The Azumakagami] , National Archives of Japan, accessed on April 4, 2008
* [http://www.chinajapan.org/articles/01.2/01.2.28-40fengwang.pdf Feng Zuozhe and Wang Xiaoqiu. Azuma kagami and Wuqi jing bu: Historical Evidence of Sino-Japanese Cultural Interaction", April 2003] , accessed on April 5, 2008
* "Azuma Kagami", article from Japanese Wikipedia accessed on April 2008, whose references follow.

Fumihiko Gomi. How the Azuma Kagami Was Written: Medieval Times in Terms of Fact and Myth (Azuma Kagami no Hōhō - Jijitsu to Shinwa ni Miru Chusei), Yoshikawa Kōbunkan、2000 ISBN 4-642-07771-5

Kazuhiko Satō, Hisashi Taniguchi. The Azuma Kagami Dictionary (Azuma Kagami Jiten), Tokyodō Shuppansha, 2007 ISBN 978-4-490-10723-4

External links

* [http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hd1t-situ/azuma.html Text of the "Azuma Kagami"] (in Japanese)