- Adaptive strategies
The expression "adaptive strategies" is used by
anthropologist Yehudi Cohen to describe a society’s system of economic production. Cohen argued that the most important reason for similarities between two (or more) unrelated societies is their possession of a similar adaptive strategy. In other words, similar economic causes have similar sociocultural effects.For example, there are clear similarities among societies that have a foraging (hunting and gathering) strategy. Cohen developed a typology of societies based on correlations between their economies and their social features. His typology includes these five adaptive strategies:
foraging ,horticulture ,agriculture ,pastoralism , andindustrialism .Until 10,000 years ago people everywhere were foragers. However, environmental differences did create contrasts among the world’s foragers. Some, like the people who lived in
Europe during the ice ages, were big game hunters. Today, hunters in theArctic still focus on large animals and herd animals; they have much lessvegetation and variety in their diets than do tropical foragers. The foraging way of life held on in certainforest s,desert s,island s, and very cold areas–-places where food production was not practicable with simpletechnology .Horticulture and agriculture are the two types of cultivation found in nonindustrial societies. Both differ from the farming systems of industrial nations like the
United States andCanada , which use large land areas, machinery, andpetrochemical s. According to Cohen, horticulture is cultivation that makes intensive use of none of the factors of production: land, labor, capital, and machinery. Agriculture is a type of cultivation that requires more labor than horticulture does, because it uses land intensively and continuously. The greater labor demands associated with agriculture reflect its use of domesticated animals,irrigation , and/or terracing.Pastoralists live in
North Africa , theMiddle East , Europe,Asia , andsub–Saharan Africa . These herders are people whose activities focus on such domesticated animals such ascattle ,sheep ,goat s,camel s,yak , andreindeer . Industrialization is the transformation of “traditional” into “modern” societies through industrialization of the economy. Wealthy people sought investment opportunities and eventually found them in machines and engines to drive machines. Industrialization increased production in both farming and manufacturing.ource
*Conrad Philip Kottak, "Windows on Humanity"
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