Hurricane Alma (1966)

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Hurricane Alma
Type=hurricane
Year=1966
Basin=Atl
Image location=Almajune121966.jpg


Formed=June 4, 1966
Dissipated=June 13, 1966
1-min winds=110
Pressure=970
Da

Inflated=0
Fatalities=90 direct
Areas=Honduras, Cuba, Florida
Hurricane season=1966 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Alma was a rare June major hurricane in the 1966 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the earliest continental U.S. hurricane strike within any season since 1825. It brought moderate rains to the Southeast, and wind damage was mainly confined to Florida.

Meteorological history

In early June, a trough in the westerlies extended from the southeastern United States towards Nicaragua. A surface circulation formed near Cabo Gracias a Dios, also known as Cape Gracias, on June 3, and drifted southwestward over land. The circulation organized into Tropical Depression One early on June 4 over the Honduras/Nicaragua border, where it turned to a north drift, dropping heavy rain across the countries.

Upon reaching the Caribbean Sea on June 5, the depression was able to strengthen, with warm water temperatures, good outflow, and deep convection. When the only inhibiting factor, land, was removed, the depression rapidly intensified, becoming Tropical Storm Alma on the 6th and reaching hurricane status that night. Initially a slow mover, Alma accelerated to the northeast, where it reached winds of convert|95|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on before hitting the Isle of Youth on the 8th.

Just six hours after crossing the Isle of Youth, Alma hit western Cuba. Because it crossed at one of the narrowest points of the island, the hurricane didn't weaken at all. On the contrary, upon reaching the Gulf of Mexico, Alma reached major hurricane status with peak winds of convert|130|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on late on June 8. It passed between the Dry Tortugas and Key West, Florida at that intensity, and began a north-northwest motion in response to an upper level cyclone developing over the extreme northern Gulf of Mexico.

After crossing the Florida west coast, Alma weakened quickly, and hit Apalachee Bay on June 9 as a convert|90|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on hurricane. The storm turned to the northeast, where it weakened to a convert|45|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on tropical storm while crossing Georgia. On June 11 Alma emerged into the Atlantic near Savannah, Georgia, and continued its northeast movement. While paralleling the Carolina coastline over the Gulf Stream, Alma briefly restrengthened into a hurricane on the night of the 11th. This intensification trend ended when cold waters and dry air approached the system, causing Alma to lose its tropical characteristics on June 13 while east of the Delmarva Peninsula. As an extratropical storm, Alma lasted another day before dissipating near Cape Cod.

Preparations

One week before their hurricane preparations for the season, Alma gave the Kennedy Space Center a chance to go through the situation under the threat of a real storm. A mock-up of a Saturn V rocket, as well as two other rockets, were removed from their pads at Kennedy Space Center to the vehicle assembly building on June 8 within twelve hours in the face of convert|60|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on wind gusts, within the anticipated time for such a move. [Kay Grinter. [www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/pdf/149994main_jun9color.pdf Remembering Our Heritage: 40 Years Ago: Hurricane Sim was the real Thing.] Retrieved on 2007-04-24.]

Impact

While drifting over northeastern Central America as a tropical depression, Alma dropped torrential rains, resulting in convert|30|in|mm of rain in some locations. The Honduran town of San Rafael was nearly destroyed, killing 73 of the town's population. In Cuba, the storm brought heavy flooding, causing nearly $200 million in damage and 11 deaths.

During its transit of the Gulf of Mexico, scientists were measuring the hurricane's impact of the seawater temperatures around Alma at a depth of 4 meters. They discovered that they cooled off in its southeast quadrant due to the storm's wake. [John C. Beckerle [http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0485(1974)004%3C0487:AASTDT%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Air and Sea Temperatures During Traverse of Hurricane Alma 1966.] Retrieved on 2007-04-18.] In the southwest Atlantic ocean, the vessel Atlantis II sailed through the eye of Alma, and learned information regarding air-sea interaction in the vicinity of a tropical cyclone. [John C. Beckerle. [http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0718343 A Report on Atlantis II Cruise 22 June, July and August 1966. Part I. The Dynamics of Ocean Movements in the Sargasso Sea Revealed by Sound Velocity and Temperature Measurements.] Retrieved on 2007-04-24.]

Alma caused strong wind damage and flooding, mainly across Florida. The heaviest rainfall was confined to the Gold coast of Florida and coastal North Carolina. The highest rainfall report was just under convert|10|in|mm near Dania, Florida. [David Roth. [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/alma1966.html Hurricane Alma (1966) Rainfall Page.] Retrieved on 2007-04-18.] There was significant loss to the mango crop in southwest Florida and the grapefruit crop in Pinellas county. Wind damage from Alma caused damage to the tobacco crop in northern Florida. A convert|10|ft|m|sing=on storm tide was recorded near New Port Richey, Crystal River, and Cedar Key. Much of Cedar Key went underwater during the hurricane. [Arnold L. Sugg. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/mwr_pdf/1966.pdf The Hurricane Season of 1966.] Retrieved on 2007-04-18.] Damage amounted to $10 million and 6 deaths in Florida. Five tornadoes were spawned by the cyclone. [Tom Grazulis and Bill McCaul. [http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/allhurricanes.htm List of Known Tropical Cyclones Which Have Spawned Tornadoesas compiled by Tom Grazulis of The Tornado Project and Bill McCaul of USRA Huntsville.] Retrieved on 2007-04-24.] A flow of moisture from Alma into a frontal over the northern Mid-Atlantic states led to 2-3 inches of rain across southern New York. [David P. DeLuca. [http://www.atmos.albany.edu/student/deluca/almatopototal.jpgPrecipitation and Topography: Alma 1966.] Retrieved on 2007-04-24.]

In all, Hurricane Alma caused over $210.1 million in damage (1966 USD), with 90 deaths related to the storm.

Records

When Hurricane Alma hit Florida on June 9, it became the earliest hurricane strike on the United States since a hurricane in May/June of 1825. The hurricane was also the second earliest to attain major hurricane intensity, only behind Hurricane Able of 1951. It became the second strongest June hurricane on record, behind Hurricane Audrey in 1957. Despite it's impact, the name Alma was not retired after this year, but it wasn't used again after the tropical cyclone naming lists were changed in 1979; it was last used in 1974. [Hurricane.com. [http://www.hurricane.com/hurricane-records.php Atlantic and Pacific Records during the modern recorded era.] Retrieved on 2007-04-18.]

References

ee also

* List of Atlantic hurricanes
* List of Florida hurricanes (1950-1974)

External links

** [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1966-prelim/alma/ NHC archive on Hurricane Alma]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/alma1966filledrainblk.gifHPC rainfall image of storm total rainfall from Alma]
* [http://www.history.com/media.do?id=mf657_hurricanealma_62&action=clip Hurricane Alma Newsreel]