Toyama-ryū

Infobox martial art group
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imagecaption = Flag of the Imperial Japanese Army and of Japan, from 1867 to 1945.
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name = Toyama-ryū
戸山流
とやまりゅう
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date founded = 1925
country = flagicon|Japan Japan
founder = Created by the Imperial Japanese Army
head = Currently three separate organizations, and many schools
arts = "Battōjutsu" • Nihongo|"Jūkenjutsu"|銃剣術
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descendant schools= Nakamura-ryū
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Nihongo|Toyama-ryū|戸山流 is a modern form of iai created by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1925 at the Rikugun Toyama Gakko, or "Toyama Army Academy" in Toyama, Tokyo, Japan. Today, Toyama-ryū is primarily located in the Kantō,Tokai & Kansai region. It does not have a single headmaster.

Background

After the Meiji Restoration, officers in the Japanese army were required to carry Western-style sabres. However, this caused problems during battles against rebels in Satsuma (now Kagoshima Prefecture), since soldiers equipped with single-shot rifles and sabres were frequently overwhelmed by samurai who knew Jigen Ryū (示現流）and could charge much faster than the non-Samurai soldiers could cope with.

During the Russo-Japanese war (1904-05), the Cossack cavalries frequently charged against the Japanese infantrymen and again it was extremely difficult for the Japanese to defend themselves using sabres once their enemy reached them.

The Japanese studied the First World War with great enthusiasm, hoping to learn more about fighting modern warfare. They discovered that much fighting was still occurring at close quarters in trench warfare, often with heavy swung weapons like entrenching tools and home made clubs. This likely prompted the Japanese to tighten up their close quarter combat training. The katana was therefore readopted as the Japanese could access domestic sword masters more easily than European ones. Nihongo|"Jūkenjutsu"|銃剣術 was also developed at this time, being based on the use of "sōjutsu" (spear) techniques. This later became the rarely practiced sport of "jūkendō", after the war ended.

Thus, Japanese army officers were later issued new swords shaped more like katana. However, not all officers had sufficient background in kenjutsu to deploy these weapons in combat. Consequently, in 1925, a simplified form of sword technique was devised that emphasized the most essential points of drawing and cutting. For instance, the army "iai-battō" "kata" differ from those of many "koryū" sword schools in that all techniques are practised from a standing position. (Koryū schools included a number of techniques executed from "seiza".) Also, this modern "ryū" has an unusually strong emphasis on "tameshigiri", or "test-cutting." Swordsmen involved in developing this military system included Nakayama Hakudo and Sasaburo Takano.

At the end of World War II, the Toyama Military Academy became the U.S. Army's Camp Zama. Nonetheless, the military iai system was revived after 1952. By the 1970s, three separate organizations represented Toyama-ryū Iaido: in Hokkaidō, the Greater Japan Toyama Ryu Iaido Federation (established by Yamaguchi Yuuki); in Kansai (Kyoto-Osaka area), the Toyama Ryu Iaido Association (established by Morinaga Kiyoshi); and the All Japan Toyama Ryu Iaido Federation (established by Nakamura Taizo). Each of these organizations was autonomous and retained its own set of forms; the Hokkaido branch even included sword versus bayonet exercises. Today, there are also at least half a dozen active instructors of Toyama-ryū outside Japan, many of whom are in California, though there are also schools in Poland and Australia.

The adoption of the katana by the Westernised Japanese army was also part of a Nationalist trend in Japan. During the 1920s Japan went through a phase of Militant Nationalism that lasted until defeat in the Second World War. By adopting the katana, the traditional sword of the Samurai [Although the Samurai traditionally carried two swords (a katana and wakizashi) non-Samurai had been banned from carrying katana (with numerous exceptions) in 1607 and the katana had become associated strongly with the Samurai.] the Japanese were allying themselves with the Samurai military tradition. Adopting the Katana also served to calm discontent among the more politicized sections of the army who had been outraged at mechanization (another lesson learned from World War I) which had de-emphasized the role of infantry and cavalry.

Endnotes

See also

* Tameshigiri
* Battōjutsu

External links

* http://www.toyamaryu.net/
* [http://toyamafukuoka.at.infoseek.co.jp/English.htm Fukuoka branch official site]
* [http://www.webdiva4hire.com/kenshinkan/index.html Kenshinkan Dojo] (Guy Power Sensei's Dojo in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA)
* Nakamura Taizaburo with Guy H. Power. [http://www.dragon-tsunami.org/Dtimes/Pages/articlea1.htm "Essential Principles of Toyama Ryu Iaido,"] "Dragon Times", 2000.