Flash flood

A flash flood is a rapid flooding of geomorphic lowlying areas - washes, rivers and streams. It is caused by the intense rainfall associated with a thunderstorm, or multiple thunderstorms. Flash floods can also occur after the collapse of an ice dam, or a human structure, such as a dam, for example, the Johnstown Flood of 1889. Flash floods are distinguished from a regular flood by a timescale less than six hours. [cite web
url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php
title=Definitions of flood and flash flood
publisher = National Weather Service
accessdate = 2008-08-19]

Causes

Flash flooding occurs when the ground becomes saturated with water that has fallen too quickly to be absorbed. The runoff collects in low-lying areas and rapidly flows downhill. Flash floods most often occur in normally dry areas that have recently received precipitation, but may be seen anywhere downstream from the source of the precipitation - even dozens of miles from the source.

Flash floods may occur after a volcanic eruption as a result of the change in weather such as thunderstorms and the soil getting over soaked.Fact|date=May 2008

Hazards

The United States National Weather Service gives the advice "Turn Around, Don't Drown" in reference to flash floods; that is, it recommends that people get out of the area of a flash flood, rather than trying to cross it. Most people tend to underestimate the dangers of flash floods.

Flash floods are extremely dangerous because of their sudden nature. Being in a vehicle provides little to no protection against being swept away; it may make people overconfident and less likely to avoid the flash flood. More than half of the fatalities attributed to flash floods are people swept away in vehicles when trying to cross flooded intersections. [ cite web
url = http://forecasts.weather.gov/wwamap/wwatxtget.php?cwa=usa&wwa=Flash%20Flood%20Warning
title = Watches, Warnings & Advisories—Flash Flood Warning
publisher = National Weather Service
accessdate = 2007-06-25 ] As little as two feet of water (60 cm) can be enough to carry away most SUV-sized vehicles. [ cite web
url = http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/ffbro.htm
title = A Preparedness Guide to flash floods #1 weather-related killer in the United States
publisher = U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service, FEMA, American Red Cross
date = July 1992
accessdate = 2007-06-25 ] In the United States, the National Weather Service (part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) reported in 2005 that, using a national 30-year average, more people die yearly in floods (127 on average) than by lightning (73), tornadoes (65), or hurricanes (16). [ cite web
url = http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tadd/
title = Turn Around Don't Drown
accessdate = 2007-06-25 ]

The desert southwestern U.S. is especially dangerous for both hikers and vehicles from the sudden onslaught of water from isolated thunderstorms. These rains fill poorly-absorbent and often clay-like dry riverbeds. A moving flood will usually be headed by a debris pile that may have wood branches and/or logs. Deep slot canyons can be especially dangerous to hikers as they may be flooded by a storm that occurs on a mesa miles away, sweeping through the canyon, making it difficult to climb up and out of the way to avoid the flood. Valley roads frequently cross dry river and creek beds without bridges. From the driver's perspective, there may be clear weather, when unexpectedly a river forms ahead of or around the vehicle in a matter of seconds. [cite book |last=McGuire |first=Thomas |title=Earth Science: The Physical Setting |publisher=Amsco School Pubns Inc |year=2004 |pages=571 |isbn=0-87720-196-X |chapter=Weather Hazards and the Changing Atmosphere |chapterurl=http://www.amscopub.com/images/file/File_67.pdf |accessdate=2008-07-17]

Historical examples

* The Lynmouth disaster of August 1952.
* 1997 flash flood kills eleven in Antelope Canyon.
* 1998 flash flooding in San Marcos, Texas resulted from rains totaling from 15 to convert|30|in|mm.
* Boscastle flooding of 2004.
* 2006 Mount Rainier National Park Flooding. [cite web
url = http://www.nps.gov/mora/parknews/november-2006-flooding.htm
title = November 2006 Flooding
publisher = NPS
accessdate = 2008-01-08 ]

* 2006 flash flooding kills 125 in Ethiopia. [ cite web
url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4791813.stm
title = Flash floods kill 125 in Ethiopia
publisher = BBC
accessdate = 2007-07-03 ]
* 2007 Sudan floods
* The Quad Cities Duck Creek Floods of 1990
* The June 12-13, 2008 Floods around Duck Creek in Davenport, Iowa
* The 1976 Big Thompson River flood, which killed 143 people in Colorado

ee also

* 1971 Kuala Lumpur floods (in Malaysia)
* Flood
* Freshet
* Huayco

Further reading

*cite journal |quotes= |last=Schmittner |first=Karl-Erich |coauthors=Pierre Giresse |year=1996 |month=August |title=Modelling and application of the geomorphic and environmental controls on flash flood flow |journal=Geomorphology |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=337–347 |doi=10.1016/0169-555X(96)00002-5 |accessdate=2008-07-17

References

External links

* [http://www.floodrisk.net Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling] , choosing an uncertainty analysis for flood modelling.
* [http://floodsafety.com/media/ffa/contents_index.htm Flash Flood Alley] movie and [http://floodsafety.com/media/gallery/video/index.htm video clips] .
* [http://www.floodsafety.com/ Flash Flood Safety] information.
* [http://www.rankinstudio.com Great footage of flash floods] in the arid midwest heading down dry washes after heavy rain.
* [http://floodsafety.com/media/maps/texas/index.htm Map] of central Texas flash flood alley.
* [http://www.apfm.info/cee_workshop.htm Workshop Proceedings Flash Flood Management]
* [http://www.nws.noaa.gov/iao/iao_FFW.php Workshop Proceedings Flash Flood Forecasting]