Battle of Langport

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Langport


caption=
partof=English Civil War
date=July 10, 1645
place=Langport, near Yeovil, Somerset
result=Parliamentarian victory
combatant1=Parliamentarians
combatant2=Royalists
commander1=Sir Thomas Fairfax
commander2=George, Lord Goring
strength1=20,000
strength2=3,000 horse
unknown number of foot
casualties1=unknown
casualties2=unknown|The Battle of Langport was a Parliamentarian victory late in the English Civil War, which destroyed the last Royalist field army, and ultimately gave Parliament control of the West of England, which had hitherto been a major source of manpower, raw materials and imports for the Royalists.

Campaign

Taunton had been captured by the Parliamentarian army under the Earl of Essex in June 1644. After Essex's army was forced to surrender at Lostwithiel in Cornwall in September, the Royalists maintained a Siege of Taunton, although the town was briefly relieved by Sir William Waller in late November.

When determining strategy for 1645, King Charles I had despatched George, Lord Goring to the West Country with orders to capture Taunton and other Parliamentarian outposts. Although Goring briefly rejoined the King's main "Oxford Army", tensions between him and Prince Rupert, the King's chief lieutenant and adviser, resulted in Goring's force returning to the West.

Parliament had meanwhile sent a substantial detachment of one horse and four foot regiments from their New Model Army to relieve Taunton. They raised the siege on May 11 1645, but were themselves besieged by Goring's returning army (although there was no danger of the Royalists storming the town).

On June 14 1645, the main body of the New Model Army under Sir Thomas Fairfax, with Oliver Cromwell as Lieutenant General of the Horse, won the decisive Battle of Naseby. After the Royalist garrison of Leicester surrendered four days later, the New Model was free to march to the relief of Taunton.

The Army marched first south and then west, keeping near the coast so as to keep touch with Parliament's navy. On July 4, it reached Beaminster, where Fairfax learned that Goring had raised the siege and was retreating towards the Royalist stronghold at Bridgwater. Goring's army was outnumbered by that of Fairfax, and its discipline was poor, mainly because a succession of lax Royalist commanders had allowed their men too much license to pillage.

Fairfax was now joined by the New Model detachment from Taunton, under Colonel Ralph Weldon, and started in pursuit. He passed through Yeovil on July 8 and sent another Parliamentarian force under Major General Edward Massey to deal with an attempted diversion in the direction of Taunton by Goring (which ended with the destruction of some Royalist cavalry regiments at Ilminster the next day). Fairfax encountered Goring's main position late on July 9

The battle

The battle took place the next day. Goring had occupied a strong rearguard position to cover the withdrawal of his slow-moving artillery and baggage. His main force held a ridge running north to south, a mile east of Langport. In front of the ridge was a marshy valley occupied by a stream named the Wagg Rhyne. Only a single narrow lane lined with trees and hedges ran across the stream via a ford, and up to the top of the ridge. Goring placed two light guns in position to fire down the lane, and disposed two raw units of Welsh foot soldiers in the hedges. He hoped that Fairfax would be forced to make time-consuming outflanking moves.

Fairfax was prepared to rely on the superior morale of his cavalry to overcome Goring's position. While his artillery silenced Goring's two light guns, he sent 1500 detached musketeers through the marshes to clear the Welsh infantry from the hedges. He then ordered two "Divisions" i.e. half regiments of horse to charge up the lane. These two divisions were from regiments (Fairfax's and Whalley's) which had originally been part of Oliver Cromwell's regiment of Ironsides before being merged into the New Model Army. Presumably, all the troopers were veterans and motivated by Puritan zeal.

The first division under Major Christopher Bethel galloped up the lane four abreast, deployed into line and charged and broke two Royalist cavalry regiments. A third Royalist regiment counter-attacked but the second division of Parliamentarian horse under Major Desborough now charged and routed them. As more Parliamentarian reinforcements streamed up the lane, Goring's men broke and fled the field.

Cromwell halted his cavalry at the top of the ridge until his forces had reformed. Then they moved rapidly in pursuit. Goring had tried to rally two miles further on, but his army dissolved as Cromwell's troopers approached.

Results

Goring's army had been the last effective field army available to the Royalists, whatever its quality. Its loss was a major blow.

Fairfax captured Bridgwater on July 23, and the city of Bristol on September 10. These actions isolated the West Country from King Charles's remaining forces in Oxford and the Midlands. After this, the Civil War became largely a matter of mopping up isolated Royalist garrisons.

External links

* [http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1645-langport-bristol.htm British Civil War site]

References

*Colonel H.C.B. Rodgers, "Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars", Seeley Service & Co. Ltd, 1968, hardback, 327 pages.