Proteus

In Greek mythology, Proteus (Πρωτεύς) is an early sea-god, one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea" [See also Nereus and Phorkys] , whose name suggests the "first", as "protogonos" (πρωτόγονος) is the "primordial" or the "firstborn". He became the son of Poseidon in the Olympian theogony ("Odyssey" iv. 432), or of Nereus and Doris, or of Oceanus and a Naiad, and was made the herdsman of Poseidon's seals, the great bull seal at the center of the harem. He can foretell the future, but, in a mytheme familiar from several cultures, will change his shape to avoid having to; he will answer only to someone who is capable of capturing him. From this feature of Proteus comes the adjective protean, with the general meaning of "versatile", "mutable", "capable of assuming many forms": "Protean" has positive connotations of flexibility, versatility and adaptability.

The myth of Proteus

[
as "seen" by Andrea Alciato] According to Homer ("Odyssey" iv:412), the sandy island of Pharos situated off the coast of the Nile Delta was the home of Proteus, the oracular Old Man of the Sea and herdsman of the sea-beasts. In the "Odyssey", Menelaus relates to Telemachus that he had been becalmed here on his journey home from the Trojan War. He learned from Proteus' daughter, Eidothea ("the very image of the Goddess"), that if he could capture her father he could force him to reveal which of the gods he had offended, and how he could propitiate them and return home. Proteus emerged from the sea to sleep among his colony of seals, but Menelaus was successful at holding him, though Proteus took the forms of a lion, a serpent, a leopard, a pig, even of water or a tree. Proteus then answered truthfully, further informing Menelaus that his brother Agamemnon had been murdered on his return home, that Ajax the Lesser had been shipwrecked and killed, and that Odysseus was stranded on Calypso's Isle Ogygia.

According to Virgil in the fourth Georgic, at one time the bees of Aristaeus, son of Apollo, all died of a disease. Aristaeus went to his mother, Cyrene, for help; she told him that Proteus could tell him how to prevent another such disaster, but would do so only if compelled. Aristaeus had to seize Proteus and hold him, no matter what he would change into. Aristeus did so, and Proteus eventually gave up and told him to sacrifice 12 animals to the gods, leave the corpses in the place of sacrifice, and return three days later. When Aristaeus returned after the three days he found in one of the carcasses a swarm of bees, which he took to his apiary. The bees were never again troubled by disease.

The children of Proteus include besides Eidothea, Polygonos and Telegonos, who both challenged Heracles and were defeated and killed, one of Heracles' many successful encounters with representatives of the pre-Olympian world order.

Proteus of Egypt

In the "Odyssey" (iv.430ff) Menelaus wrestles with "Proteus of Egypt, the immortal old man of the sea who never lies, who sounds the deep in all its depths, Poseidon's servant" (Robert Fagles' translation). Proteus of Egypt is mentioned in an alternate version of the story of Helen in Euripides' tragedy "Helen" (produced in 412 BC). The often unconventional playwright introduces a "real" Helen and a "phantom" Helen (who caused the Trojan War), and gives a backstory that makes the father of his character Theoclymenus, Proteus, a king in Egypt who had been wed to a Nereid Psamathe. In keeping with one of his themes in "Helen", Euripides mentions in passing "Eido" ("image"), another unseen daughter of the king. Euripides' king (never seen) is only marginally related to the "Old Man of the Sea" [http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/classics/staff/LSF/Euripides/helen.html Helen] , Euripides, Nottingham.] and should not be confused with the sea god Proteus.

At Pharos—in Hellenistic times the site of the Lighthouse of Alexandria—a king of Egypt named Proteus welcomed Dionysus in the young god's wanderings.

A further Proteus occurs in Greek myth, as one of the fifty sons of King Aegyptus.

Biology

Many organisms in biology take their name from Proteus. These include:
#Two genera of organisms have the name "Proteus":
#* "Proteus" is a bacterial genus within the medically important group of Enterobacteriaceae. Species most commonly associated with clinical disease are "Proteus mirabilis", "Proteus vulgaris" and "Proteus penneri". "Proteus" species are notorious in medical microbiological laboratories because of their rapid swarming growth on commonly used agar plates. Noteworthy is the ability of these species to inhibit growth of unrelated strains resulting in a macroscopically visible line of reduced bacterial growth where two swarming strains intersect. This line is named Dienes line after its discoverer Louis Dienes.
#* "Proteus", an amphibian genus within the family Proteidae, consisting of a single species "Proteus anguinus" with two subspecies "Proteus anguinus anguinus" Laurenti 1768, "Proteus anguinus parkelj" Sket & Arnzten 1994.
#The most representative species of the genus "Amoeba" named "Amoeba proteus".
#The bacterial phylum Proteobacteria.

"Proteus" and "protean" in English

From his transforming nature, and multifarious aspects comes our adjective "protean". A "protean career" would embrace many human concerns. For example, Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, scientist and designer of fortifications: his career was "protean".

The highly variable plant genus "Protea" is named after Proteus.

Proteus syndrome is the name given to the deforming disease that afflicted Joseph Merrick, "The Elephant Man". Although difficult to differentiate from severe neurofibromatosis, there have been about 200 cases of Proteus syndrome over the last few decades.

Proteus in literature and psychology

The German mystical alchemist Heinrich Khunrath (1560–1605) wrote of the shape-changing sea-god who, because of his relationship to the sea, is both a symbol of the unconscious as well as the perfection of the art. Alluding to the "scintilla", the spark from ‘the light of nature’ and symbol of the "anima mundi", Khunrath in Gnostic vein stated of the Protean element Mercury

our Catholick Mercury, by virtue of his universal fiery spark of the light of nature, is beyond doubt Proteus, the sea god of the ancient pagan sages, who hath the key to the sea and …power over all things. "Von Hyleanischen Chaos"| in Carl Jung, vol. 14:50

The poet John Milton was also aware of the association of Proteus with the Hermetic art of alchemy. In "Paradise Lost" (III.603–06) he wrote of the alchemists who sought the philosopher's stone

:In vain, though by their powerful Art they bind :Volatile Hermes, and call up unbound :In various shapes old Proteus from the Sea,:Drain'd through a Limbec to his native form.

In his discourse "The Garden of Cyrus" (1658) Milton's contemporary Sir Thomas Browne, pursuing the figure of the quincunx, queried

Why Proteus in Homer the Symbole of the first matter, before he settled himself in the midst of his Sea-Monsters, doth place them out by fives?

Shakespeare uses the image of Proteus to establish the character of his great royal villain Richard III in the play "Henry VI, Part Three", the prequel to his play "Richard III". In Act III, Scene ii, Richard (not yet the king), boasts:

:I can add colors to the chameleon,:Change shapes with Proteus for advantages,:And set the murderous Machiavel to school.:Can I do this, and cannot get a crown?:Tut, were it farther off, I'll pluck it down.

Shakespeare also names one of the main characters of his play The Two Gentlemen of Verona Proteus. This character is inconstant in his affections. In the finale of the play when his deceptions have been unraveled and he is face to face with his friend Valentine and original love Julia, Proteus says:

:O Heaven, were man:but constant, he were perfect: that one error:fills him with faults; makes him run through all sins:Inconstancy falls off, ere it begins.

In 1807 William Wordsworth finished his sonnet on the theme of a modernity deadened to Nature, which opens "The world is too much with us", with a sense of nostalgia for the lost richness of a world numinous with deities:

:::…I'd rather be :A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn; :So might I, standing on this pleasant lea, :Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn; :Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea.:Or hear old Triton blow his wreathèd horn. [http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/wordsworth.html Wordsworth] .] In modern times the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung defined the mythological figure of Proteus as a personification of the unconscious, who, because of his gift of prophecy and shape-changing has much in common with the central but elusive figure of alchemy, Mercurius.

St. John's University Staten Island Campus releases a booklet named Proteus where students can express their artistic works.

"Proteus" in modern fiction

In James Joyce's "Ulysses", [http://www.readprint.com/chapter-6364/James-Joyce Chapter 3] uses Protean transformations of matter in time for self exploration.

In Anne Ursu's book "The Siren Song", the second book in the Cronus Chronicles, the Greek Proteus, an ally of Poseidon, disguises as protagonist Charlotte's cousin Zee in order to keep the fact from her that he has kidnapped Zee himself. He is also the father of Charlotte's crush, Jason Hart, a mortal who does not appreciate his father's shape-shifting abilities. Once Charlotte finds this fact, she abandons Jason.

The term "Proteus" and "vombis" also were used in a James Blish short story about a race of alien beings who could change shape at will, but were not as malevolent as The Thing written about by John W. Campbell.

In the film "Fantastic Voyage", "Proteus" is the apt name for the experimental submarine which is shrunk to sub-cellular size, and injected into a dying scientist to save his life.

In the animated TV series "Gargoyles", Proteus is the shape-shifting menace and arch-enemy of the city of New Olympus in the episode titled "The New Olympians."

In the role-playing games and , vampires of the Gangrel clan may possess a discipline named Protean that allows them to transform into bats, wolves, mist and such.

Kurt Vonnegut's novel "Player Piano" revolves around the actions of Paul Proteus, a manager of a machine works in New York. Paul's life mirrors Proteus in that he must change his "shape" (character) to find his place in a machine-controlled society with which he is out of sympathy.

In the Film "Lost in Space", "Proteus" is the name of the space ship that is sent to look for the Robinson Family in an alternate time. The ship is subsequently destroyed.

In another Film, "Demon Seed", the evil supercomputer is named "Proteus IV"

In Craig Thomas' novel Sea Leopard, the British submarine is named HMS "Proteus".

In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the Protean Charm is a complex spell used by Hermione Granger to enchant coins so that changing the serial number on one affected the others as well. She used it to communicate the times of secret meetings. It was also used by Voldemort to communicate with his Death Eaters.

In the Marvel Comics series X-men, Proteus is the villain identity of reality-changing mutant Kevin MacTaggert, son of Moira MacTaggert on Muir Isle Mutant Research Facility.

In the DC Comics pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths Legion of Superheroes stories, the Proteans are a race of telepathic shapeshifters. Shapeshifting Legionnaire Chameleon Boy kept a Protean as a pet, whom he dubbed "Proty". After Proty sacrificed itself to save Saturn Girl and resurrect Lightning Lad, Chameleon Boy obtained a new Protean pet, "Proty II".

In Rick Wakeman's song "The Battle/The Journey" Proteus is described as a giant pre-historic man who herds mastadons in the center of the Earth (itself an image from Jules Verne's Journey to the center of the Earth)

In Dean Koontz's "Phantoms" the character is referred to as being like Proteus by one of his victims.

In Charles Sheffield's science fiction novels titled "Proteus in the Underworld" and "Proteus Combined." Here Proteus refers to the process of using biofeedback equipment to change the shape of the characters' bodies.

James P. Hogan's novel "The Proteus Operation". The term Proteus seems to relate to the ability to change time and reality, it that it is "flexible". He also uses it to refer to quantum mechanics wherein it seems as if something changes to avoid being caught (i.e.: the act of measuring something changes it).

In Treasure Planet, the alien Morph, a pink blob who takes the form of everything he sees (much like a parrot repeats what it hears), is referenced to come from the fictional planet Proteus 1, a reference to his shapeshifting abilities.

"Proteus" in gaming

Proteus was first used as the name of a roleplaying game published in 1992 by [http://www.darkshire.net/~jhkim/rpg/encyclopedia/alphabetical/P-Q.html#proteus Bruce Gomes Industries] and written by Bruce Gomes and Duncan Barrow. Non-standard races and an original world setting, using skill rolls under stats on 1d30. Current out-of-print.

PROTEUS is also the name of a cross-genre roleplaying game. PROTEUS is a freely downloadable game available through [http://www.base113.com/games/ base113 Games] . The game focuses on characters with incredible mental powers, Psionics. PROTEUS was a project to artificially create such people for military purposes. The name of the Greek god was chosen to reflect both the fact that these individuals are extremely adaptable and that they are among the first of their kind. An expanded version, Proteus: Second Edition, is currently in the works.

The collectible card game references Proteus in the card Proteus Machine from the Scourge expansion that is able to change its creature type to any type when it is morphed. Recently in the Dissension expansion, the creature Protean Hulk allows its controller to replace it with other creatures when it dies.

Proteus is the name of an expansion for the collectible card game Netrunner.

Proteus is also the name of a key document in the computer game Freelancer.

In the role-playing game , Protean is a special vampire power of clan Gangrel (World of Darkness) that enables them to shapeshift, grow claws and see in the dark.

In the Paragons setting for role-playing game Mutants and Masterminds Proteus is a silvery shapeshifting paranormal. He is a paranormal supremacist with uncertain origins - everything from regular paranormal to shapeshifting alien to artificial construct made of nanomachines has been proposed.

In the game F.E.A.R., 'Proteus' is the name for a text file concerning the Icarus and Perseus Projects.

In the game Culdcept Saga, a 'Protean Ring' tool will transform the user's creature into another random creature for the duration of the battle.

Notes

References

*Karl Kerenyi, "The Gods of the Greeks"
*Robert Graves, "The Greek Myths"

ee also

*USS Proteus