Section Eleven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Section Eleven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the section of the Canadian Constitution's Charter of Rights that protects a person's legal rights in criminal and penal matters. This includes both criminal as well as regulatory offences, as it provides rights for those accused by the state for public offences. There are nine enumerated rights protected in section 11.

Right to be informed of the offence

Section 11(a) provides thatcquote|11. Any person charged with an offence has the right:(a) to be informed without unreasonable delay of the specific offence;

The right of a person charged with an offence to be informed of the offence originated in section 510 of the "Criminal Code of Canada" as well as legal tradition. [R. v. Lucas (1983), 6 C.C.C. (3d) 147 (N.S.C.A.). Canadian Legal Information Institute, " [http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/charter_digest/s-11-a.html SECTION 11(a)] ," "Canadian Charter of Rights Decisions Digest", URL accessed 29 July 2006.] Some courts have used section 510 to help read section 11(a), concluding that the right allows for a person to be "reasonable informed" of the charge; thus it does not matter if a summons simply summarizes a charge. [" [http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/charter_digest/s-11-a.html SECTION 11(a)] ," "Canadian Charter of Rights Decisions Digest", URL accessed 29 July 2006. The cases were R. v. Goreham (1984), 12 C.C.C. (3d) 348 (N.S.C.A.); Pettipas v. R., (N.S.C.A., December 4, 1985).]

In "R. v. Delaronde" (1997), the Supreme Court of Canada found section 11 (a) is meant not only to guarantee a fair trial but also to serve as an economic right. A person must be informed of charges quickly because they will then have to deal with their career and family life in light of the charges. Thus, those who suffer economically because of delayed information of charges have had their rights under section 11(a) infringed, and they may receive a remedy under section 24 of the Charter.

Right to be tried within a reasonable time

Section 11(b) provides thatcquote|11. Any person charged with an offence has the right...:(b) to be tried within a reasonable time;

Section 11(b) can be taken to provide a right to a speedy trial. [C. L. Ostberg; Matthew E. Wetstein; Craig R. Ducat, "Attitudinal Dimensions of Supreme Court Decision Making in Canada: The Lamer Court, 1991-1995," "Political Research Quarterly", Vol. 55, No. 1. (Mar., 2002), p. 237.] The criteria by which the court will consider whether the rights of an accused under this provision have been infringed were set out in "R. v. Askov" (1990). Later, in "R. v. Finta" (1994), the Supreme Court clarified that the period of "unreasonable delay" begins at the time the charge is laid. This was in response to a case in which charges were laid 45 years after the crime were alleged to be an unreasonable delay. Reasonableness depends, in part, on the amount of investigative work that it involved.

Right not to be compelled to be a witness

Section 11(c) provides thatcquote|11. Any person charged with an offence has the right ...:(c) not to be compelled to be a witness in proceedings against that person in respect of the offence;

This provides a right against self-incrimination. Another right against self-incrimination can be found in section 13 of the Charter.

Right to be presumed innocent

Section 11(d) provides that:cquote|11. Any person charged with an offence has the right ...:(d) to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal;

This right has generated some case law, as courts have struck down reverse onus clauses as violating the presumption of innocence. This first occurred in "R. v. Oakes" (1986) in respect to the Narcotics Control Act. This was also the case in which the Court developed the primary test for measuring rights limitations under section 1 of the Charter. The Court found having a reverse onus clause was not rational in fighting narcotics traffic since one could not assume a person found with narcotics means to traffic it. In "R. v. Stone", the question of automatism was considered, with the Court deciding that while shifting the burden of proof to the defendant was a violation of section 11, it could be justified under section 1 because criminal law presumes willing actions.

The reference to a fair hearing allows one a right to "full answer and defence", a right also based in section 7 of the Charter ("fundamental justice"). This has led to a controversial string of decisions surrounding the rape shield law, starting with "R. v. Seaboyer" (1991) and ending with "R. v. Mills (1999)".

The reference to an independent and impartial tribunal has also been taken as granting a measure of judicial independence to lower-court judges specializing in criminal law, judicial independence previously being a right held only by superior courts under the Constitution Act, 1867. In the case "Valente v. The Queen" (1985), judicial independence under section 11 was held to be limited. Although it would include financial security, security of tenure and some administrative independence, the Court found the standards enjoyed by higher-level judges was too high for the many tribunals covered by section 11(d). In the "Provincial Judges Reference" (1997) expectations for judicial independence were heightened, with reference made to the preamble of the Constitution Act, 1867, which was said to imply judicial independence was an unwritten constitutional value applying to all judges in Canada. The requirement of an independent and impartial tribunal applies also to juries. Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has written that jury selection under the Criminal Code would undoubtedly create an independent tribunal. However, he points to "R. v. Bain" (1992) in which the impartiality of the jury was questioned, since the Crown had more say in selection. [Hogg, Peter W. Constitutional Law of Canada. 2003 Student Ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003, pages 190-191.]

Right not to be denied reasonable bail

Section 11(e) provides thatcquote|11. Any person charged with an offence has the right...:(e) not to be denied reasonable bail without just cause;

The right to reasonable bail was examined in "R. v. Morales" (1992) when a person was denied bail under section 515 of the Criminal Code, which allowed detention where it "is necessary in the public interest or for the protection or safety of the public, having regard to all the circumstances including any substantial likelihood that the accused will ... commit a criminal offence or interfere with the administration of justice". Chief Justice Lamer, for the majority of the Supreme Court, found that the "public interest" component violated the accused right not to be denied reasonable bail under section 11(e) of the "Charter" and could not be saved under section 1. He ordered the words "in the public interest" be declared of no force or effect. Lamer examined the phrase "in the public interest" and found that it was vague and imprecise, and so could not be used to frame a legal debate that could produce a structured rule.

Right to trial by jury

Section 11(f) provides thatcquote|11. Any person charged with an offence has the right ...:(f) except in the case of an offence under military law tried before a military tribunal, to the benefit of trial by jury where the maximum punishment for the offence is imprisonment for five years or a more severe punishment;

The right to a jury is protected by section 11(f). The Supreme Court considered this right in "R. v. Pan; R. v. Sawyer" (2001), which saw a challenge to the constitutionality of section 649 of the "Criminal Code", which prohibited the use of evidence regarding the deliberation of the jury. The Supreme Court found the erosion of the secrecy of the jury would have a negative impact on the ability of a jury to decide a case and would affect individual's right to jury trial under section 11(f) of the "Charter". It is required under the principles of fundamental justice to have an impartial jury.

Right not to be found guilty unless action constituted an offence

Section 11(g) provides thatcquote|11. Any person charged with an offence has the right ...:(g) not to be found guilty on account of any act or omission unless, at the time of the act or omission, it constituted an offence under Canadian or international law or was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations;

This right prohibits "ex post facto law", meaning that it requires that in order for a person's action or lack thereof to be considered a crime, the action must have already been criminalized before the person committed it. Still, in 1991 the Supreme Court ruled in "R. v. Furtney" that section 11(g) does not require that all people must be "aware" of what is criminal and what is not. International law is recognized by section 11(g), and the Court acknowledged the federal government is not obligated to make sure all Canadians are aware of what international law says.

Right not to be tried again

Section 11(h) provides thatcquote|11. Any person charged with an offence has the right ...:(h) if finally acquitted of the offence, not to be tried for it again and, if finally found guilty and punished for the offence, not to be tried or punished for it again;

This prohibits double jeopardy. But often this prohibition only applies after the trial is finally concluded - in contrast to the laws of the United States, Canadian law allows the prosecution to appeal from an acquittal. If the acquittal is thrown out, the new trial is not considered to be double jeopardy because the first trial and its judgement would have been annulled.

Standards for section 11(h) were set in the Supreme Court case "R. v. Wigglesworth" (1987). The Court noted that section 11(h) only applies to criminal matters and so both charges must be criminal in nature to invoke the double jeopardy defence. The Court then proposed a two part test to determine whether the first proceedings was in relation to a criminal matters and therefore invoking section 11(h). First, it must be determined whether the matter is of a "public nature, intended to promote public order and welfare within a public sphere of activity". Second, it must be determined whether the matter involves "the imposition of true penal consequences".

A double jeopardy case came before the Supreme Court in "Canada v. Schmidt", in which it was argued extradition to face a state charge of child-stealing would violate section 11(h) since the accused had already been acquitted of the allegedly similar federal kidnapping charge. (Even if these charges could be considered similar, this would not violate the double jeopardy clause in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as the states are not bound by this amendment). Justice La Forest wrote for the majority, "I do not think our constitutional standards can be imposed on other countries." The majority found that the charge would be in accordance with "traditional procedures" in Ohio. Finally, it found that "It is interesting that, as we saw, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly held that successive prosecutions at the federal and state level do not automatically offend against the due process clause, the spirit and content of which bears some resemblance to s. 7 of the Charter, although the courts would act to prevent oppressive behaviour."

Right to lesser punishment

Section 11(i) provides thatcquote|11. Any person charged with an offence has the right ...:(i) if found guilty of the offence and if the punishment for the offence has been varied between the time of commission and the time of sentencing, to the benefit of the lesser punishment.

This right states that if a person committed a crime whose punishment has become lighter or harsher by the time a judge delivers a sentence, the person should receive the lighter punishment. In some cases, the Ontario Court of Appeal and Alberta Court of Appeal have ruled that section 11(i) only applies to the sentencing given by a trial judge. If the case is appealed and the punishment is made less severe, a person does not have a right to be given the lesser punishment from an appellate judge. [Canadian Legal Information Institute, " [http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/charter_digest/s-11-i.html SECTION 11(i)] ," "Canadian Charter of Rights Decisions Digest", URL accessed 2 June 2006. The cases were "R. v. Luke" 1994 CanLII 823 (ON C.A.), (1994), 87 C.C.C. (3d) 121 (Ont. C.A.); "R. v. Bishop" (1994), 94 C.C.C. (3d) 97 (Alta. C.A.).]

References

External links

* [http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/charter_digest/s-11-a.html canlii section 11 digest]
* [http://www.charterofrights.ca/language.php Fundamental Freedoms: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms] - Charter of Rights website with video, audio and the Charter in over 20 languages