Blue shark

Taxobox
name = Blue shark
fossil_range = Fossil range|5|0 Pliocene to Present [cite journal
last = Sepkoski
first = Jack
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)
journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology
volume = 364
issue =
pages = p.560
publisher =
location =
date = 2002
url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class
doi =
id =
accessdate = 01/09/08 ]
status = NT
status_system = iucn3.1
status_ref = [cite press release |title=More oceanic sharks added to the IUCN Red List |publisher=IUCN |date=2007-02-22 |url=http://www.iucn.org/en/news/archive/2007/02/22_pr_sharks.htm |format= |language= |accessdate=2007-02-25 |quote= The blue shark, the world’s most abundant and heavily fished pelagic shark, stayed in the threat category "Near hreatened". ] [IUCN2006|assessors=Stevens|year=2000|id=39381|title=Prionace glauca|downloaded=11 May 2006]


image_width = 200px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Chondrichthyes
subclassis = Elasmobranchii
ordo = Carcharhiniformes
familia = Carcharhinidae
genus = "Prionace"
genus_authority = Cantor, 1849
species = "P. glauca"
binomial = "Prionace glauca"
binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)
range_

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range_map_width = 240px
range_map_caption = Range of blue shark

The blue shark, "Prionace glauca", is a carcharhinid shark which is found in the deep waters of the world's temperate and tropical oceans. They prefer cooler waters and are not found, for example, in the Yellow Sea or in the Red Sea. Blue sharks are known to migrate long distances, from New England to South America for example. Although generally lethargic, they are capable of moving very quickly if the need arises. Blue sharks are viviparous and are noted for their large litters of 25 to over 100 pups. They feed primarily on small fish and squid, although they are perfectly capable of taking larger prey should the opportunity present itself. Also, they may pose considerable danger to humans if they are encountered in large groups. They are often found in schools segregated by sex and size, and this behavior has led to their being nicknamed the "wolves of the sea". They are also the second fastest sharks, next to the mako shark.Fact|date=June 2008

Distribution and habitat

The blue shark is an oceanic and epipelagic shark found worldwide in deep temperate and tropical waters from the surface to about 350 meters.cite web|author=Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly|title=Prionace glauca|publisher=FishBase|accessdaymonth=17 September |accessyear=2006|url=http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=898] In temperate seas it may come closer to shore where it can be observed by divers, while in tropical waters it occurs at greater depths. It is found from as far north as Norway to as far south as Chile. Blue sharks are found off the coasts of every continent, except for Antarctica. In the Pacific its greatest concentrations occur between 20° and 50° North but with strong seasonal fluctuations. In the tropics it is uniformly distributed between 20° N and 20° S. It prefers waters with a temperature range of 7 to 16°C but will tolerate temperatures of 21°C or above. It is highly migratory with records from the Atlantic showing a regular clockwise migration within the prevailing currents.cite book|author= Leonard J. V. Compagno| title=Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|date=1984|pages=521-524, 555 – 61, 590]

Anatomy and appearance

Blue sharks are light-bodied with long pectoral fins. The top of the body is deep blue, lighter on the sides, and the underside is white. The animal grows to 3.8 m (12.5 ft) or more. The shark's typical weight is 136 kg (300 lb) to 182 kg (400 lb) and can grow to 205 kg (450 lb). The highest reported weight was 391 kg (861 lb). [ [http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Pg/Pg_large.html large blue sharks ] ] They are rarely confused with other sharks.

Ecology

Squid are an important prey item for blue sharks, but their diet also comprises other invertebrates such as cuttlefish and pelagic octopi, as well as lobster, shrimp, crab, a large number of bony fishes, small sharks, mammalian carrion and occasional sea birds. Whale and porpoise blubber and meat have been retrieved from the stomachs of captured specimens and they are known to take cod from trawl nets. Apparently, blue sharks do not, or only very rarely, eat tunaFact|date=May 2007.

Adult blue sharks do not suffer predation on a regular basis, except by humans. Young and smaller individuals may get eaten by any sufficiently large carnivore. However, they are host to several species of parasites. For example, the blue shark is the definite host of the tetraphyllidean tapeworm, "Pelichnibothrium speciosum" (="Prionacestus bipartitus"). They become infected by eating the intermediate hosts, probably Opah, "Lampris guttatus", and/or longnose lancetfish, "Alepisaurus ferox" (Scholz "et al." 1998).

Reproduction

They are vivaporous, with a yolk-sac placenta, delivering 4 to 135 pups per litter. The gestation period is between 9 and 12 months. Females mature at 5 to 6 years of age and males at 4 to 5. Courtship is believed to involve biting by the male, as mature specimens can be accurately sexed according to the presence or absence of bite scarring. Female blue sharks have adapted to the rigours of the mating ritual by developing skin 3 times as thick as that of males.

Relationship to humans

Blue sharks are the most heavily fished sharks in the world mainly as result of by-catch. It is estimated that 10 to 20 million individuals are killed each year as a result of fishing. The flesh is edible, but not widely sought after; it is utilized fresh, dried, smoked and salted and for fishmeal. The skin is used for leather, the fins for shark-fin soup and the liver for oil. Blue sharks are occasionally sought as game fish and they are frequent accidental catches by commercial fisherman seeking swordfish or tuna.

Conversely, blue sharks rarely attack humans. While they are one of the 20 or so species of shark considered dangerous they rate on the low end of that spectrum. Most interaction between blue sharks and humans takes place in deep water as they rarely venture close to shore. As of 2008, there are only 4 records of Blue Shark related human fatalities. [ [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/Statistics/species2.htm ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark ] ]

Blue sharks in captivity

Blue sharks, like most open ocean sharks, tend to fare poorly in captivity. Attempts at doing so using circular tanks with long glide paths, and pools with 10’ central depth gently ascending to zero depth have met with mixed results at best; most specimens last less than 30 days. As with other pelagic sharks, the animals seem to have trouble avoiding walls or any other obstacles. In one case at Sea World San Diego, the blue did fairly well until bull sharks were added to the tank; the bulls subsequently ate the blues. The current captive record for blue sharks (as of 2008) is held by The New Jersey Aquarium for a specimen that lasted roughly 7 months in captivity before expiring of an apparent bacterial infection. [ [http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Pg/Pg_captive.html Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) in Captivity ] ]

ee also

* List of sharks

References

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* Scholz, Tomáš; Euzet, Louis & Moravec, František (1998): Taxonomic status of "Pelichnibothrium speciosum" Monticelli, 1889 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a mysterious parasite of "Alepisaurus ferox" Lowe (Teleostei: Alepisauridae) and "Prionace glauca" (L.) (Euselachii: Carcharinidae). "Systematic Parasitology" 41(1): 1 – 8. doi|10.1023/A:1006091102174 (HTML abstract)

External links

* ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/fish/Prionace_glauca/ Images and movies of the blue shark "(Prionace glauca)"]
* [http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/blue.htm Canadian Shark research laboratory]