Papin sisters

Christine and Lea Papin were two French maids who murdered their employer's wife and daughter in Le Mans, France, on 2nd February, 1933. This incident had a significant influence on French intellectuals Genet, Sartre and Lacan, who sought to analyse it, and it was thought of by some as symbolic of class struggle. The case has formed the basis of a number of films and plays.

Life and Crime

Christine (born 8th March, 1905) and Lea (born 15th September, 1911) had grown up in villages south of Le Mans. They had another sister, Emilia, who became a nun. Both of them spent time in institutions as a result of the breakdown of their parents' marriage. As they grew older, they worked as maids in various Le Mans homes, preferring, whenever possible, to work together.

From about 1926, they worked as live-in maids in the home of Monsieur Rene Lancelin, a retired solicitor, in Rue Bruyere, Le Mans. The family was also made up of his wife and adult daughter, who was still living with her parents (another daughter was married). The two maids were extremely quiet and retiring young women, who kept to themselves and appeared to have no interest but each other.

On 2nd February, 1933, Monsieur Lancelin was supposed to meet his wife and daughter for dinner at the home of a friend. When they did not turn up, he was concerned and went back to their home. He was unable to get into the house because the doors were locked on the inside, but he could see the glow of a candle through the window of the maids' room. He then went to the police and one of them got into the house by climbing over the back wall. Inside, he found the bodies of Madame Lancelin and her daughter. They had both been beaten to the point of being literally unrecognisable, and one of the daughter's eyes was on the floor nearby. Madame Lancelin's eyes had been gouged out and were found in the folds of the scarf around her neck. The two maids were found in their room upstairs, naked in bed together. They confessed to killing the two women. The weapons used had been a kitchen knife, a hammer and a pewter pot that had stood at the top of the stairs.

The sisters were placed in prison and separated from each other. Christine became extremely distressed because she could not see Lea, but at one stage the authorities relented and let her see her sister. She literally threw herself at Lea and spoke to her in ways that suggested a sexual relationship. [ [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/1626/interviewpapin.htm Paulette Houdyer's interview] is quite enlightening about this matter.] In the following July, Christine experienced a kind of "fit", or episode, in which she tried to gouge her own eyes out and had to be put in a straightjacket. She then made a statement to the investigating magistrate, in which she said that on the day of the murders she had experienced an episode like the one she had just had in prison, and this was what precipitated the murders.

The case had a huge impact on the public and was debated furiously by the intelligentsia. Some people considered that the murders had been the result of "exploitation of the workers", which would be unsurprising considering that the maids worked fourteen-hour days, with only half a day off each week.

Trial and Aftermath

The girls went on trial in the following September. Crowds gathered outside Le Mans courthouse and police had to be brought in to control them. During the trial, the girls stated that an argument had developed between Christine and the Lancelin women. Lea had then joined in the fray, and Christine had yelled at her to "tear her eyes out" in reference to Madam Lancelin. The daughter had received similar treatment, and Christine had then gone to the kitchen to get weapons that were used to finish the women off. The blows and hacks were directed almost entirely to their heads, virtually obliterating their faces. The maids gouged the eyes out with their fingers.

Medical testimony given during the trial was that Christine, who was of average intelligence, was completely the dominant person in the relationship. Lea, who was of low intelligence, had been dominated to the point where her personality had virtually disappeared into Christine's personality. There was also a history of mental illness in the family, and their father was alleged to have raped the other sister, Emilia. The two girls were inevitably found guilty and Christine was sentenced to death. Lea was given a sentence of only ten years imprisonment because she had been so dominated by Christine.

Christine's death sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment, which was normal in the case of women. While in prison, she showed acute signs of madness and an intense longing for her sister. She became severely depressed because of being separated from Lea, and frequently would not eat. Before long, she was transferred to a mental asylum at Rennes, where she died of cachexia on 18th May 1937.

Lea Papin was released from prison in 1941, her sentence having been reduced to eight years because of good behaviour. She then lived in the town of Nantes, where she was joined by her mother and earned her livelihood as a hotel maid under a false name. She was thought to have died in 1982, but this was questioned in 2000 by the French filmmaker, Claud Ventura. Ventura made a documentary film, "En Quete des Soeurs Papin" ("In Search of the Papin Sisters") in which he claimed to have found Lea alive in a hospice somewhere in France. She was partly paralysed as the result of a stroke and could not speak, though she was shown in the film. This Lea died in 2001. It is not known if Ventura had documentation to prove the identity of his Lea. A comparison of this Lea's face with a 1933 photo of Lea Papin may be enough to give rise to doubts. [ [http://neil-paton.tripod.com/papins.htm Photos of the two Leas:Retrieved 24th July 2008] ] [La Solution du Passage a L'Acte, Francis Dupre (Editions Eres) 1984, pp.17-265] [The Papin Sisters, Edwards and Reader (Oxford) 2001, pp.4-19]

Works Relating to the Case

*"The Maids (Les Bonnes)" - a play by Jean Genet
*"The Maids", a film based on the play, directed by Christopher Miles
*"My Sister In This House", play by Wendy Kesselman
*"Sister My Sister", a film version of the play directed by Nancy Meckler
*"Les Abysses", a film directed by Nikos Papatakis
*"Les Soeurs Papin", a book by R. le Texier
*"Blood Sisters" a stage play and screenplay by Neil Paton
*"L'Affaire Papin", a book - Paulette Houdyer
*"La Solution du Passage a l'Acte"- a book - Frances Dupre (a nom de plume)
*"Paris Was Yesterday" - a book - Janet Flanner
*"La Ligature"- a short film - dir. Gilles Cousin
*"Les Meurtres par Procuration"- a book - Jean-Claude Asfour
*"Lady Killers"'- a book - Joyce Robins
*"Minotaure" - a magazine - Issue no.3, 1933
*"Jungfrurna" - an opera - Peter Bengtson
*"La Ceremonie" - a film - dir. Claude Chabrol
*"A Judgement in Stone" - a novel - Ruth Rendell
*"Les Blessures Assassines" (English language version:Murderous Maids)- a film - dir. Jean-Pierre Denis
*"En Quete des Soeurs Papin (In Search of the Papin Sisters)" - a documentary film - dir. Claude Ventura
*"Gros Proces des l'Histoire"- a book - M. Mamouni
*"L'Affaire Papin" a book - Genevieve Fortin
*"The Papin Sisters"- a book - Rachel Edwards and Keith Reader
*"The Maids"- an artwork by Paula Rego

Les Bonnes by Jean Genet

The play "Les Bonnes", by French writer Jean Genet, is loosely based on the Papin sisters. Although many things have been changed, the play does highlight the dissatisfaction of the maids in their jobs, which manifests itself in a hatred for their mistress. Genet's fascination with the crime stemmed from his contempt for the middle classes, along with his understanding of how a murderer could glory in the infamy that came from the crime.

References

Bibliography

* La Solution du Passage a L'Acte, Francis Dupre (Editions Eres) 1984
* L'Affaire Papin, Paulette Houdyer (Editions Cenomane) 1988
* The Papin Sisters, Edwards and Reader (Oxford University Press) 2001
* [http://papinsisters.tripod.com Papin Sisters Website]
* "The Maids" and "Deathwatch", Jean Genet (Faber and Faber) 1989

External links

* [http://neil-paton.tripod.com/papins.htm Compare photos of Lea Papin with the alleged Lea]