William L. Laurence

William Leonard Laurence (March 7, 1888 – March 19, 1977) was a Lithuanian born American journalist known for his science journalism writing of the 1940s and 1950s while working for the "New York Times". He received two Pulitzer Prizes, and as the official journalist of the Manhattan Project was the only journalist to witness the Trinity test and the atomic bombing of Nagasaki.

Biography

Laurence was born in Salantai, then part of Russia though now in Lithuania, and emigrated to the United States in 1905 after participating in the Russian Revolution of 1905. His name was originally Leid Wolf Siew, but he changed it after immigrating, taking "William" after William Shakespeare, "Leonard" after Leonardo da Vinci, and "Lawrence" after a street he lived on in Roxbury, Massachusetts (he changed the "w" to a "u" in reference to Friedrich Schiller's Laura). He attended college at Harvard University, Harvard Law School, and Boston University, and became a naturalized United States citizen in 1913. During World War I, he served with the U.S. Army Signal Corps, and in 1919 attended the University of Besançon in France.

In 1926 he began his career as a journalist, working for "The New York World". In 1930 he began working at "The New York Times", specializing where possible in reporting on scientific issues. He married Florence Davidow in 1931.

In 1934, Laurence co-founded the National Association of Science Writers, and in 1936 he covered the Harvard Tercenary Conference of Arts and Sciences, work for which he and four other science reporters received the Pulitzer Prize in Journalism.

"Atomic Bill"

In May 1940, Laurence published a front-page exclusive in the "New York Times" on successful attempts in isolating uranium-235 which were reported in "Physical Review", and outlined many (somewhat hyperbolic) claims about the possible future of nuclear power. He had assembled it in part out of his own fear that Nazi Germany was attempting to develop atomic energy, and had hoped the article would galvanize a U.S. effort. Though his article had no effect on the U.S. bomb program, it was passed to the Soviet mineralogist Vladimir Vernadsky by his son, a professor of history at Yale University, and motivated Vernadsky to urge Soviet authorities to embark on their own atomic program and established one of the first commissions to formulate "a plan of measures which it would be necessary to realize in connection with the possibility of using intraatomic energy" (no full-scale atomic energy program began in the Soviet Union until after the war, however). [On this incident, see David Holloway, "Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956" (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994): 59-60.]

In April 1945, Laurence was summoned to the secret Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico by General Leslie Groves to serve as the official journalist of the Manhattan Project. In this capacity he was also the author of many of the first official press releases about nuclear weapons, including some delivered by the Department of War and President Harry S. Truman. He was the only journalist present at the Trinity test in July 1945, and beforehand prepared statements to be delivered in case the test ended in a disaster which killed those involved. As part of his work related to the Project, he also interviewed the airmen who flew on the mission to drop the atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Laurence himself flew along on an observational plane for the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. For his wartime coverage, he received a Pulitzer Prize in 1946. At the office of the "Times" he was thereafter referred to as "Atomic Bill", to differentiate him from William H. Lawrence, a political reporter at the newspaper.

In 1946, he published an account of the Trinity test as "Dawn Over Zero", which went through at least two revisions. He continued to work at the "Times" through the 1940s and into the 1950s, and published a book on defense against nuclear war in 1950. In 1951, his book "The Hell Bomb" warned about the use of a cobalt bomb — a form of hydrogen bomb (still an untested device at the time he wrote it) engineered to produce a maximum amount of nuclear fallout.

In 1956, he was present at the testing of a hydrogen bomb at the Pacific Proving Grounds. That same year, he also became appointed Science Editor of the "New York Times", succeeding Waldemar Kaempffert. He served in this capacity until he retired in 1964.

Death

Laurence died in 1977 in Majorca, Spain, of complications from a blood clot in his brain. [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=William Laurence, Ex-Science Writer For The Times, Dies |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F17FB3C5F137B93CBA81788D85F438785F9 |quote=William L. Laurence, a science reporter who was the only journalist to witness the historic nuclear blast at Alamogordo, N.M., in 1945 and later the only newspaperman permitted to fly on the atomicbomb mission over Nagasaki, Japan, died here today of complications from a blood clot in the brain. He was 89 years old. |publisher=New York Times |date=March 19, 1977 |accessdate=2008-05-26 ]

Books by Laurence

*Laurence, William L. "Dawn over zero: The story of the atomic bomb." New York: Knopf, 1946.
*________. "We are not helpless: How we can defend ourselves against atomic weapons." New York, 1950.
*________. "The hell bomb." New York: Knopf, 1951.
*________. "Men and atoms: The discovery, the uses, and the future of atomic energy." New York: Simon and Schuster, 1959.

References

Further reading

*Keever, Beverly Deepe. "News Zero: the "New York Times" and the Bomb." Common Courage Press, 2004. ISBN 1-56751-282-8
*Weart, Spencer. "Nuclear Fear: A History of Images." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.

External links

* [http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/public_reaction.htm "Informing the Public, August 1945"] - Department of Energy page which discusses Laurence's role in drafting official press releases
* [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/biographies/bio_laurence-william.htm Bio of Laurence at NuclearFiles.org]