Franciscus Junius (the younger)

Franciscus Junius (29 January 1591 – 1677)ref|DOB also known as François du Jon, was a pioneer of Germanic philology. As a collector of ancient manuscripts, he published the first modern editions of a number of important texts.

Life

Junius was born in Heidelberg, but brought up at Leiden in The Netherlands: his father, also called Franciscus Junius, was appointed professor of Hebrew at Leiden University in 1592. In 1602 his parents died, and Junius went to live with his future brother-in-law, the humanist scholar Gerhard Johann Vossius in Dordrecht. He studied theology at Leiden and Middelburg.

In 1617, he became a pastor at Hillegersberg, near Rotterdam. He resigned this position the following year, after he refused to take sides in a theological conflict in the Dutch Reformed Church, centring on faith out of free will as advocated by Jacobus Arminius or faith out of predestination, as defended by Junius' uncle Franciscus Gomarus. After his resignation, Junius elected to travel instead: he visited first France, and then moved to England, where in 1620 he was employed by Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel, as a tutor to his son, and later as librarian. Junius remained resident in England for more than twenty years, but upon the deposition of Charles II 1n 1642 he returned to the Netherlands between 1642. He had made a name as a scholar by publishing a book, in Latin, on Greek and Roman art in 1637, which was followed by his own translations into English (1638) and Dutch (1641). Soon after he return in Holland, he became interested in the history of the Dutch language, an interest that quickly spread to the oldest phases of other Germanic languages. As a result, he published a commentary on an Old High German paraphrase of the Song of Songs, the first edition of a collection of Old English poems, and the first edition, together with an extensive dictionary, of the Gothic Gospels. Upon his death a number of lexicographical works remained unpublished, of which an English etymological dictionary was published posthumously.

In 1675, Junius returned to Oxford and died in November 1677 at the house of his nephew Isaac Vossius in Windsor, Berkshire; he was buried there at St George's Chapel. In his life he had amassed a large collection of ancient manuscripts, and in his will he bequeathed these to the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford. Amongst the works included in this bequest were a major manuscript of Anglo-Saxon poetry, commonly known as the "Junius manuscript" after him, and the unique manuscript of the "Ormulum".

Works

In his later life, Junius devoted himself to the study of the Old Germanic languages. His work, while intrinsically valuable, is particularly important as having aroused interest in a subject that at the time was often neglected.

Major works include:
* 1637, "De pictura veterum" translated as "On the Painting of the Ancients" in 1638, and as "De Schilder-konst der Oude begrepen in drie boecken" in 1641, reprinted 1659.:: A second edition of "De pictura", enlarged and improved by himself and augmented with an index, was published posthumously by J. G. Graevius in 1694, with a life of Junius included as a preface.
* 1655, "Observationes in Willerami Abbatis Francicam paraphrasin Cantici Canticorum":: "Notes on Abbot Williram's Frankish [= Old High German] paraphrase of the Song of Songs"
* 1655, "Annotationes in harmoniam Latino-Francicam quatuor evangelistarum, latine a Tatiano confectam":: "Annotations on the Latin-Frankish [Old High German] harmony of the four Gospels, with the Latin of Tatian" (i.e. the Diatessaron)
* 1655, "Caedmonis monachi paraphrasis poetica Genesios ac praecipuarum sacrae paginae historiarum," "abhinc annos M.LXX. Anglo-Saxonice conscripta, et nunc primum edita":: "The poetical paraphrase by the monk Caedmon of Genesis and the other principal pages of sacred history, composed in Anglo-Saxon 1070 years ago, and now edited for the first time".:: The first edition of the important poetical codex now designated Bodleian Library MS Junius 11. While it is no longer believed that Caedmon wrote the poems it contains, it is still commonly known as the Caedmon manuscript.
* 1664, "Gothicum Glossarium, quo Argentii Codicis Vocabula explicantur":: "A glossary of words of the Gothic language as found in the Codex Argenteus"
* 1665, "Quatuor Domini Nostri Iesu Christi Evangeliorum Versiones perantiquae duae, Gothica scilicet et Anglo-Saxonica":: "The Four Gospels of Our Lord Jesus Christ in two ancient versions, namely the Gothic and the Anglo-Saxon":: The Gothic version is Ulfilas' translation, and was edited by Junius from the Codex Argenteus. The Anglo-Saxon version was edited by Thomas Marshall. Junius' Gothic glossary (above) was included, along with Marshall's notes.
* 1743, "Etymologicum anglicanum":: "English Etymology":: Published posthumously in an edition by Edward Lye, who included a life of Junius and George Hickes's Anglo-Saxon grammar.

Notes

# Junius' date of birth has been variously estimated as 1589, 1590, and 1591. The precise date given here was established by Johan Kerling, cited by Rademaker (1998:3). For the original article, see Johan Kerling, 'Franciscus Junius, 17th-century Lexicography and Middle English' in: "Lexeter '83 Proceedings", ed. R.R.K. Hartmann, Max Niemeyer Verlag Tubingen 1984, pp. 92–100.

References

* Bremmer, Rolf H., ed. (1998). "Franciscus Junius F.F. and His Circle". Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi.
* Bremmer, Rolf H. (2001). 'Franciscus Junius Reads Chaucer. But Why? and How?'. "Appropriating the Middle Ages: Scholarship, Politics, Fraud". ed. T.A. Shippey. Studies in Medievalism 11: 37–72.
* Dekker, Cornelis (1999). "The Origins of Old Germanic Studies in the Low Countries". Leiden, Boston: Brill.
* Dekker, Cornelis (2000). 'Francis Junius (1591–1677): Copyist or Editor?'. " Anglo-Saxon England" 29: 279–96.
* Rademaker, C.S.M. (1998). 'Young Franciscus Junius: 1591–1621', in Bremmer (1998), pp.1–18.
* van Romburgh, Sophie (2001). 'Why Francis Junius (1591–1677) Became an Anglo-Saxonist, or, the Study of Old English for the Elevation of Dutch'. "Appropriating the Middle Ages: Scholarship, Politics, Fraud". ed. T.A. Shippey. Studies in Medievalism 11: 5–36.
* van Romburgh, Sophie (2004). " 'For My Worthy Friend Mr Franciscus Junius'. An Edition of the Correspondence of Francis Junius F.F. (1591–1677)". Leiden: Brill.
* The article is available [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Franz_Junius here] .