- Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País
The "Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País" (Economic Societies of Friends of the Country) were private associations established in various cities throughout
Enlightenment Spain , and to a lesser degree in some of her colonies (thePhilippines ,Cuba ,Chile , and elsewhere).The Sociedades Económicas were founded as part of a movement to stimulate the economic and intellectual development of Spain. Many Spaniards recognized that Spain was lagging behind other European states and sought to diffuse and apply the principles of the Enlightenment. A principal promoter of the Societies' foundation was
Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes , a highly influential statesman and one of the most important thinkers in contemporary Spain. Campomanes, on a more practical level, saw that the Societies could stimulate improvements inagriculture ,husbandry ,industry , the professions and arts. The first was founded inVergara ,Guipúzcoa , in1765 , by theMarquis de Peñaflorida Javier Munive e Idiaquez . According to Popescu, "within a few years" the number of Economic Societies in Spain had passed 50, and they were present in all major population centers.In Spain the organizations are credited with some success in sponsoring economic activity, stimulating new industries, and publicizing recent advances in philosophy and science (most of which emanated from
England ,France andGermany ). These organizations were autonomous, although required to be licensed by royal authority in order to be able to exist, and their fortunes depended on a combination of the dedication of local members, official patronage, and the receptivity of the local community.In the colonies, Sociedades Económicas were established in
Havana (1793 ),Santiago, Chile ,Santa Cruz de Mompox (1784 ),Bogotá (under the name of "Patriotic Society",1801 )Buenos Aires ,Guatemala ,Quito , as well as in The Philippines. Only one of these groups, that of Guatemala, is known to have had any significant local influence at the time, and only one of them lasted for a long period of time (that of Havana exists today). Their mission of promoting local economic development, especially industry, conflicted with the dictates ofmercantilism , which held that the colonies should remain dependent on the mother country. To the degree that intellectual development lagged in the New World, the Societies also had to fight an uphill battle to popularise Enlightenment thinking in the context of a very conservative culture.Members were generally drawn from the local aristocracy, the university faculty if there was one in the city, professionals (e.g. lawyers), and skilled artisans. It is noteworthy that in the New World colonies, the later independence movements' first members were drawn from the same social categories.
Some of the groups in the Americas also strayed into activity that bordered on the political, and were punished by having their legal licenses revoked, which forced them to close, as happened repeatedly to the Society in Guatemala, for example. In some cities, the actual amount of useful work done was little, and they were rather more like faddish pet projects of a local intellectual and withered with the departure of the main personality who had gotten it started.
However, in the larger view, the work of the New World Economic Societies was important for bringing Enlightenment ideas to the Spanish colonies which was a necessary precondition for the later struggles for independence after
1810 . Some of the societies published essays on new developments in agriculture, industry, and other fields; they often advocated for relaxation of Imperial mercantilist economic regulation, with occasional (though short-lived) success. The Society in Santiago de Chile was one of those which offered classes to the public in various trades, even venturing into teaching rhetoric, painting and drawing. Members of the Economic Societies defied localcensorship to bring in copies ofDiderot 's "Encyclopédie ", the works ofVoltaire , Locke, and others (books which were often available in Spain itself), and shared them amongst their friends.In both Spain and the colonies, the Sociedades Económicas were incubators for modern forms of socialization, in which people (mostly men) gathered publicly to discuss the issues of the day. This represents a departure from the French Enlightenment's "salon", which was a private gathering in someone's home. The Sociedades generally organized themselves formally, maintaining minutes of meetings, and having a set structure of officials to discharge various organziational duties.
Others Economic Societies of Friends of the Country
*Economic Society of Friends from
Dublin founded in 1762
*Wirtschaftliche Gesellschaft von Freunden fromBern founded in 1762
*Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País [http://www.bascongada.org/historia.htm] [http://www.bascongada.org/] , founded in1765 .
*Real SociedadTudela na de los Deseosos del Bien Público [http://www.unav.es/catedrapatrimonio/paginasinternas/pieza/emblematudela/default.html] , founded in1773 .
*Real Sociedad Econòmica de Amigos del Paìs fromNavarra founded in 1773
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromCádiz , founded in1774 .
*Sociedad EconómicaSevilla na [http://www.economicadesevilla.com/] de Amigos del País, founded in1775 .
*Real Sociedad Económica Matritense de Amigos del País [http://www.economicamatritense.com] , founded in1775 by Carlos III.
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País from Granada, asked its inception in1775 .
*Real Sociedad Econòmica de Amigos del Paìs fromVera (Almería) founded in 1775
*Real Sociedad Económica Aragonesa de Amigos del País [http://www.staragon.com/zaragoza/museos/sociedad.html] . Founded in1776 .
*Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromLas Palmas de Gran Canaria [http://www.rseapgc.com/] , founded in1776 .
*Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País from Valencia [http://www.uv.es/rseapv/web] , founded in1776 .
*Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País from Tenerife [http://www.rseapt.org/proyecto/frame.asp] , founded in La Laguna (Tenerife ) in1777 .
*Sociedad de Amigos del País del Reino deMallorca [http://fabian.balearweb.net/post/26091] founded in 1778
*Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de la Provincia fromSegovia [http://www.scholarly-societies.org/history/1780rseaps.html] founded in 1780
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromSanlúcar de Barrameda , founded in1780 .
*Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromManila [http://www.sge.org/sge07/base.asp?Id=34&pag=2] founded in 1781
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País from Ciudad deJaca [http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=10690] y sus Montañas, founded in October1783 , seceded from the Aragon.
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromValladolid , founded in1783 .
*Sociedad Económica de Cosecheros del País from La Rioja, founded in1783 .
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromSanta Cruz de Mompox [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page2.html] founded in 1784
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromPuerto Real , founded in1785 .
*Real Sociedad Caritativo Económica from villa deAlaejos , founded in1785 .
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromMedina Sidonia , founded in1786 .
*Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromJaén [http://www.realsociedadeconomicajaen.com/] founded in 1786.
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromSantiago de Cuba [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1787
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromEl Puerto de Santa María , founded in1788 .
*Sociedad de Amantes del País|Sociedad Académica de Amantes del País fromLima [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] , founded in1790 .
*Real Sociedad de Amigos del País fromCartagena de Indias founded in 1790.
*Sociedad Económica Amigos del País fromLa Habana [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] [http://www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/] [http://www.seap.cult.cu/] , founded in 1792 and currently active.
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromQuito [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1792
*Real Sociedad Económica de Amantes de la Patria fromGuatemala [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1795 and refounded in 1966 [http://www.amigosdelpais.org.gt/main.php?id_area=49]
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromMéxico [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1799
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País from Santa Fé (under the name of "Patriotic Society of Friends of the Country", [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page2.html] (Bogotá ) founded in 1801
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromCartagena de Indias [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page2.html] (Reformed) in 1812
*Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromPuerto Rico [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1813
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromSantiago de Chile [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] [http://www.auroradechile.cl/newtenberg/681/propertyvalue-2837.html] founded in 1813
*Real Sociedad Económica Extremeña de Amigos del País fromBadajoz [http://www.rseeap.org/] founded in 1816
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromChiapas [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] [http://afehc-historia-centroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=133] founded in 1819
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromLima [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1822
*Societat Economica Barcelonesa D'Amics del Pais [http://www.sebap.com/] founded inBarcelona in 1822
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromGuayaquil [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1825
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromTeruel , asked its inception in1803 , but for lack of members it was not until1834 .
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromCaracas [http://www.analitica.com/Bitblio/paez/amigos.asp] [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1829
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromMatanzas [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] (Cuba) founded in 1830
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromPanamá [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1834
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromSanta Marta [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page2.html] founded in 1835
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromLiébana [http://www.amigosdeliebana.org/] founded in 1839.
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromValencia (Venezuela) [http://www.seapcolombia.org/page3.html] founded in 1841
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromMálaga .
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromOviedo .
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País from Santiago.
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromSigüenza .
*Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País fromColombia , [http://www.seapcolombia.org] founded in October 19 - 1956 atBogotá , Has some branch offices in others towns of Colombia.See also
*
Economic history of Spain External links
* [http://www.seap.cult.cu/ Havana Economic Society of Friends of the Country]
* [http://www.seapcolombia.org/ Colombian Economic Society of Friends of the Country]Sources
Popescu, Oreste. Studies in the history of Latin American economic thought. London: Routledge, 1997.
Schafer, Robert J. The economic societies in the Spanish world, 1763-1821. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1958.
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