Robert Heriot Barclay

Robert Heriot Barclay (18 September 1786 – 8 May 1837). He was a British naval officer who was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, and its North American counterpart, the War of 1812.

He was born in Scotland, the son of a Minister. He entered the Royal Navy in 1798, aged 11. In 1805 he was promoted Lieutenant, and took part in the Battle of Trafalgar aboard HMS Swiftsure. He was subsequently appointed the second Lieutenant of the frigate HMS Diana, serving in the English Channel. In November 1809 he lost his left arm while leading a boarding attack on a French convoy.

After recovering, he continued to serve as Lieutenant aboard several ships and smaller craft on the North American station. After war with America broke out, the Commander in Chief on the North American station (Admiral Warren), detached Barclay and two other Lieutenants (Robert Finnis and Daniel Pring) to act as "Captains of Corvettes" on the Great Lakes. [J. Mackay Hitsman, "The Incredible War of 1812", p.119] Barclay arrived at Kingston on Lake Ontario on May 5, 1813, and took charge of the squadron there with the acting rank of Commander. Ten days later he was superseded by Captain James Lucas Yeo. Yeo first offered the command of the detached squadron on Lake Erie to his friend, William Mulcaster. Mulcaster declined, probably because of the undermanned and underequipped state of the force, and the post was offered to Barclay, who quickly accepted.

The Americans dominated Lake Ontario and held the Niagara Peninsula. As a result, Barclay was forced to travel overland to Amherstburg, where his command was based, with a handful of officers and seamen. He arrived there on June 5. Although the American had no armed vessels on the lake, they were constructing two large brig-rigged corvettes at Presqu'Isle, and also transferring several from Black Rock on the Niagara River. Barclay immediately set sail in two of his armed vessels. He first recconnoitred Presqu'Isle, and determined that it was defended by an entrenched force of 2000 militia, and the two American brigs had their lower masts fitted. He then proceeded to intercept the American ships from Black Rock, but missed them in hazy weather, although at one point the two forces were apparently only fourteen miles apart off the Cattaraugus Creek. [Morris Zaslow (ed), "The Defended Border", p.92]

For the next few weeks, Barclay maintained a blockade of Presqu'Isle, preventing the Americans under Oliver Hazard Perry from crossing the sandbar at the mouth of the harbour. He meanwhile repeatedly requested that Yeo send him more sailors and arms, and that the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada (Major General Francis de Rottenburg) reinforce the troops at Amherstburg under Major General Henry Procter. Neither senior officer sent the requested help.

On July 28, bad weather and shortage of supplies forced Barclay to lift the blockade. When he returned three days later, Perry's force was free of the sandbar and apparently ready for action. Barclay reasoned that he was outnumbered and withdrew. From then on, Perry controlled the lake, and the British were unable to move supplies to Amherstburg. Finally in September, Barclay had received a last reinforcement of a few officers and sailors and part completed a ship-rigged corvette, but no food remained at Amherstburg. Barclay set out to fight Perry's squadron, and in the Battle of Lake Erie his squadron was defeated and captured by the Americans. Barclay himself was severely wounded in his right arm.

As was customary after any defeat or the loss of any ship, Barclay was court-martialled. He appeared before the court with one leg and his surviving arm swathed in bandages. The court exonerated him, stating "the Judgement and Gallantry of Captain Barclay . . . were highly conspicuous and entitled him to the highest Praise”". His promotion to Commander was confirmed in November that year.

The following year, he married Agnes Cosser of Westminster (London), and they had several children. In November 1815 he was granted an annual pension of £200.

Barclay later petitioned the Admiralty for employment, but received the command only of a bomb-vessel in 1822. From 1824 to his death in Edinburgh in 1837, he saw no further service.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3228 Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"]
* [http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/war1812/lake_erie/0000.cfm Barclay's court martial records and correspondence]