- Siege of Ascalon
Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Siege of Ascalon
caption=
partof=theCrusades
date=1153
place=Ashkelon ,Israel
result=DecisiveCrusader victory
combatant1=Kingdom of Jerusalem
combatant2=Fatimids ofEgypt
commander1=Baldwin III of Jerusalem Bernard de Tremelay KIA
commander2=Unknown
strength1=Unknown
strength2=Unknown
casualties1=Unknown
casualties2=Garrison killed or captured
The Siege of Ascalon took place in1153 , resulting in the capture of thatEgypt ian fortress by theCrusade rKingdom of Jerusalem .Background
Ascalon was
Fatimid Egypt's greatest frontier fortress. TheBattle of Ascalon was fought outside the city in1099 in the aftermath of theFirst Crusade and the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders. Although the crusaders were victorious, internal disputes in their camp allowed Ascalon to remain in Egyptian hands. Thereafter, the Fatimids were able to launch raids into the kingdom every year, and the southern border of the crusader kingdom remained unstable.After the failure of the
Second Crusade in 1148,Conrad III of Germany attempted to besiege the fortress, but was forced to withdraw when no help was forthcoming from Jerusalem or other crusaders. Meanwhile, the territory to the east and north of Jerusalem was united underNur ad-Din , who ruledMosul andAleppo and broughtDamascus under his influence after the Second Crusade. In1149 Nur ad-Din defeated thePrincipality of Antioch at theBattle of Inab . Nur ad-Din was unable to overrun Antioch entirely, nor was he able to penetrate far into the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but likewise there was little Jerusalem could do in the north and the east with the whole area united under one strong ruler. The crusader kingdom would have to look towards Egypt if they wanted to expand.Around
1150 ,Baldwin III of Jerusalem rebuilt the city ofGaza , which at that point lay in ruins. The city was handed over to theKnights Templar , and provided some defense against the continual raids from Ascalon, 10 miles to the northeast. Since the establishment of the kingdom, other fortresses had also been built to watch Ascalon. These wereIbelin (Yibneh) about 20 miles northeast of Ascalon near the coast, Blanche Garde (Tell es Safi) about 15 miles east-northeast, Gibelin (Bait Jibrin) about 19 miles east [Smail, p 211] andMontgisard near Ramla 28 miles to the northeast.However, Jerusalem itself was soon divided by civil war. Baldwin III was the legal heir to the kingdom, but his mother Queen Melisende had been ruling as regent since
1143 . In1152 Baldwin finally demanded full control of the kingdom; after some brief fighting he was able to accomplish this goal. Later that year Baldwin also defeated a Turkish invasion of the Kingdom.iege of Ascalon
Encouraged by these victories, Baldwin decided to make an assault on Ascalon in 1153. With the entire army of Jerusalem he marched to the fortress and began to destroy the surrounding
orchard s in January. Patriarch Fulcher was also present with the relic of theTrue Cross , along withRaymond du Puy de Provence andBernard de Tremelay , the masters of the Hospitallers and Templars respectively, and all the other great barons of the kingdom, includingHugh of Ibelin ,Philip of Milly ,Humphrey II of Toron , andRaynald of Chatillon . The siege was undertaken both by land and by sea, with the fleet commanded by Gerard of Sidon. The crusader force was also bolstered by a large group of pilgrims, who happened to be on their way to Jerusalem at the time.Siege tower s were constructed, and for five months there were many skirmishes and victories and defeats on both sides. Ascalon was vast and virtually impenetrable; behind its massive walls and gates were twice as many defenders as there were besiegers outside, and there were supplies of food to last for years. In May the Egyptian fleet arrived to resupply the city; Gerard of Sidon's little fleet could do nothing to stop them. However, a setback for Ascalon occurred in August when the besieged tried to burn down one of the crusader siege towers; the wind pushed the fire back against their own walls, causing a large section to collapse.According to
William of Tyre , knights of the Order rushed through the breach without Baldwin's knowledge whileBernard de Tremelay , the Master of the Temple, prevented other crusaders from following as he did not want to share the spoils of the city with the king. Bernard and about forty of his Templars were killed by the larger Egyptian garrison. Their bodies were displayed on the ramparts and their heads were sent to the sultan.In a differing account by a Damascene chronicler in the city, the breach of the wall is simply mentioned as a pre-cursor to the fall of the city; he makes no mention of the incident with the Templars. Because of William of Tyre's dislike of the Order, and the wildly inaccurate news that reached Europe during the crusades, his account must be treated with caution; but regardless of which account is believed, Bernard was killed during the fighting.
By now the crusaders were becoming fatigued and it was suggested that they abandon the siege. The Hospitallers and the Patriarch, however, convinced the king that they were on the verge of victory. Three days later another assault was made, and another entrance was forced. After bitter fighting the city fell to the crusaders on
August 19 , and the fortress was formally surrendered to them three days later. The citizens were allowed to leave in peace; most fled back to Egypt.Aftermath
Ascalon was turned into a
diocese directly under the Patriarch of Jerusalem, although in earlier times it had been a suffragan of the Bishop ofBethlehem . The city's mosque was reconsecrated as a church. The city was also added to the County of Jaffa, which was already held by Baldwin III's brother Amalric. The doubleCounty of Jaffa and Ascalon later became the most important crusader seigneury, held either as anapanage to the crown or granted to influential barons.The fall of Ascalon contributed to the downfall of Fatimid Egypt. Amalric succeeded his brother as king of Jerusalem in
1162 , and throughout the 1160s led numerous expeditions from Ascalon into Egypt. TheseCrusader invasions of Egypt failed to bring that country under Amalric's control. Ironically, they led to the unification of Egypt andSyria underSaladin , who ultimately conquered the Kingdom of Jerusalem in1187 .ources
*"The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusaders, extracted and translated from the Chronicle of
Ibn al-Qalanisi ". Edited and translated by H. A. R. Gibb. London, 1932.
*William of Tyre . "A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea". Edited and translated by E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey.Columbia University Press , 1943.
*Steven Runciman , "A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187".Cambridge University Press , 1952.
*Malcolm Barber , "The New Knighthood" (Great Britain; Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 74-75
* Smail, R. C. "Crusading Warfare 1097-1193." New York: Barnes & Noble Books, (1956) 1995. ISBN 1-56619-769-4Footnotes
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