Luigi Cadorna

Infobox Military Person
name=Luigi Cadorna
lived=birth date|1850|09|04 – death date and age|1928|12|21|1850|09|04


caption=General Luigi Cadorna
nickname=
placeofbirth=
placeofdeath=
allegiance=flagicon|Italy|1861-state Italy
branch=Army
serviceyears=
rank=Marshal of Italy
unit=
commands=
battles=World War I
awards=
relations=
laterwork=

Luigi Cadorna (September 4, 1850–December 21, 1928) was an Italian Field Marshal, most famous for being the Commander-in-Chief of the Italian army during the first part of World War I.

Biography

Born to General Raffaele Cadorna in Verbania Pallanza, Piedmont, after joining the Italian Army in 1868 Cadorna was offered the post of chief of staff for the first time in 1908, which he rejected due to the issue of political control during wartime. He was again offered the position in July 1914, as the Triple Entente and Central Powers girded for war. When Italy entered the war in May 1915 on the side of the Entente, Cadorna fielded thirty-six infantry divisions composed of 875,000 men, but only 120 modern artillery pieces. [Marshall, 108. Keegan claims 25 divisions. See Keegan, 227.]

First World War

Cadorna launched four offensives in 1915, all along the Isonzo River. The goal of these offensives was the fortress of Gorizia, the capture of which would permit the Italian armies to pivot south and march on Trieste, or continue on to the Ljubliana Pass. All four offensives failed, resulting in some 250,000 Italian casaulties for little material gain. Cadorna would ultimately fight eleven battles on the Isonzo between 1915 and 1917. Additional forces were arrayed along the Trentino salient, attacking towards Rovereto, Trento, and Bolzano. These attacks also failed. The terrain along the Isonzo and in the Trentino province was completely unsuited for offensive warfare–mountainous and broken, with no room for maneuver. [Marshall, 108-110.]

Historians describe Cadorna as a "martinet," ruthless with his troops and dismissive of his country's political authorities. During the course of war he fired 217 officers; during the Battle of Caporetto he would order the summary execution of officers whose units retreated. [Keegan, 227.]

On October 24, 1917, a combined Austro-Hungarian/German army struck across the Isonzo River at Caporetto and by November 12 had advanced all the way to the Piave River. That Cadorna has disposed most his troops far forward and did not defend in depth contributed greatly to the disaster [Keegan, 347.] , but graver still were the responsibilities of other officers, markedly Pietro Badoglio, then corps commander in a sector overrun by the Austro-German attack. The Italian Army fled in disarray and seemed on the verge of total collapse; 275,000 soldiers surrendered. Cadorna was sacked and replaced by General Armando Diaz [Marshall, 215.] ; he was appointed as the Italian representant to the Allied Supreme War Council set up in Versailles. Then the Italian forces rallied behind the Piave and Monte Grappa (a mountain Cadorna himself had previously began to fortify, in a moment of almost prophetical insight) and reversed, with the help of several Allied divisions, the course of the conflict.

After the war, there was an enquiry held by the Italian government to investigate the defeat at Caporetto. It was published in 1919 and was highly critical of Cadorna, at that time a bitter man busy in writing his memories who claimed that he had no responsibility for the defeat. Nevertheless, he was made a Field Marshal (Maresciallo d'Italia) in 1924 when Benito Mussolini seized power.

Great Britain appointed Cadorna an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1915.

Field Marshal Cadorna died in Bordighera in 1928.

Notes

References

*cite book | first=John | last=Keegan | authorlink=John Keegan | title=The First World War | publisher=Alfred A. Knopf | location=New York | year=1999 | isbn=0-375-40052-4
*cite book | first=S. L. A. | last=Marshall | authorlink=Samuel Lyman Atwood Marshall | title=The American Heritage History of World War I | publisher=American Heritage | location=New York

External links

* [http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/cadorna.htm Luigi Cadorna on First World War.com]