Actinobacteria

Taxobox | name = Actinobacteria

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image_caption = Scanning electron micrograph of "Actinomyces israelii".
regnum = Bacteria
phylum = Actinobacteria
phylum_authority = Margulis | date = 1974
classis = Actinobacteria
subdivision_ranks = Subclasses/Orders
subdivision =
*Acidimicrobidae
**Acidimicrobiales
*:Contains one genus "Acidimicrobium"
*Actinobacteridae
**Actinomycetales
**Bifidobacteriales
*Coriobacteridae
**Coriobacterales
*:Contains one family "Coriobacteriaceae"
*Rubrobacteridae
**Rubrobacterales
*:Contains one genus "Rubrobacter"
*Sphaerobacteridae
**Sphaerobacterales
*:Contains one genus "Sphaerobacter"

Actinobacteria or actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C ratio. They include some of the most common soil life, playing an important role in decomposition of organic materials, such as cellulose and chitin and thereby playing a vital part in organic matter turnover and carbon cycle. This replenishes the supply of nutrients in the soil and is an important part of humus formation. Other Actinobacteria inhabit plants and animals, including a few pathogens, such as "Mycobacterium", "Corynebacterium", "Nocardia", "Rhodococcus" and a few species of "Streptomyces".

Actinobacteria are well known as secondary metabolite producers and hence of high pharmacological and commercial interest. In 1940 Selman Waksman discovered that the soil bacteria he was studying made actinomycin, a discovery which granted him a Nobel Prize. Since then hundreds of naturally occurring antibiotics have been discovered in these terrestrial microorganisms, especially from the genus "Streptomyces".

Genomes of 44 different strains of Actinobacteria from different genera are either already sequenced or underway right now.

Some Actinobacteria form branching filaments, which somewhat resemble the mycelia of the unrelated fungi, among which they were originally classified under the older name Actinomycetes. Most members are aerobic, but a few, such as "Actinomyces israelii", can grow under anaerobic conditions. Unlike the Firmicutes, the other main group of Gram-positive bacteria, they have DNA with a high GC-content and some Actinomycetes species produce external spores.

Representative genera include:
* "Actinomyces"
* "Arthrobacter"
* "Corynebacterium"
* "Frankia"
* "Micrococcus"
* "Micromonospora"
* "Mycobacterium"
* "Nocardia"
* "Propionibacterium"
* "Streptomyces"

References

* Stackebrandt E, Rainey FA, and Ward-Rainey NL (1997). Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. "Int J Syst Bacteriol" 47:479-491. [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/2/479 Abstract]

External links

* [http://www.gmo-safety.eu/en/safety_science/102.docu.html Effects of transgenic T4 lysozyme potato plants on micro-organisms in the soil – focusing on bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere]