Western Larch

Taxobox
name = Western Larch
status = LR/lc | status_system = IUCN2.3


image_caption = William O. Douglas Wilderness
image_width = 240px
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Pinophyta
classis = Pinopsida
ordo = Pinales
familia = Pinaceae
genus = "Larix"
species = "L. occidentalis"
binomial = "Larix occidentalis"
binomial_authority = Nutt.

Western Larch ("Larix occidentalis") is a species of larch native to the mountains of western North America, in Canada in southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta, and in the United States in eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, northern Idaho and western Montana.

It is a large deciduous coniferous tree reaching 30-60 m tall, with a trunk up to 1.5 m diameter. The crown is narrow conic; the main branches are level to upswept, with the side branches often drooping. The shoots are dimorphic, with growth divided into long shoots (typically 10-50 cm long) and bearing several buds, and short shoots only 1-2 mm long with only a single bud. The leaves are needle-like, light green, 2-5 cm long, and very slender; they turn bright yellow in the fall, leaving the pale orange-brown shoots bare until the next spring.

The cones are ovoid-cylindric, 2-5 cm long, with 40-80 seed scales; each scale bearing an exserted 4-8 mm bract. The cones are red when immature, turning brown and the scales opening flat or reflexed to release the seeds when mature, 4-6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull gray-black.

It grows at 500-2,400 m altitude, and is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter temperatures down to about −50 °C. It only grows on well-drained soils, avoiding waterlogged ground.

The seeds are an important food for some birds, notably Pine Siskin, Common Redpoll and White-winged Crossbill.

Uses

The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and is particularly valued for yacht building; wood used for this must be free of knots, and can only be obtained from old trees that were pruned when young to remove side branches. Small larch poles are widely used for rustic fencing.

Western Larch is used for the production of Venice turpentine.

The wood is highly prized as firewood in the Pacific Northwest where it is commonly called "Tamarack," although it is a different species than the Tamarack Larch. The wood burns with a sweet fragrance and a distinctive popping noise.

Indigenous peoples used to chew gum produced from the tree as well as eat the cambium and sap.Turner, Nancy J. "Food Plants of Interior First Peoples" (Victoria: UBC Press, 1997) ISBN 0-7748-0606-0

References and external links

*
* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/la/occidentalis.htm Gymnosperm Database: "Larix occidentalis"]
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500745 Flora of North America: "Larix occidentalis"]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LAOC USDA Plants Profile: "Larix occidentalis"]