- William Augustus Muhlenberg
William Augustus Muhlenberg (1796-1877) is considered to be the father of the Episcopal
Church School Movement in theUnited States . He was aProtestant Episcopal clergyman in theEpiscopal Church in the United States of America [http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/ascension_chicago_giles/intro.html/] . He was born inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania , on September 16, 1796, and was a great-grandson ofHenry Muhlenberg and grandson ofFrederick Muhlenberg .Biography
Muhlenberg graduated from the
University of Pennsylvania in 1815. In 1817, he wasordain ed adeacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and became assistant to Bishop William White (1748-1836) in therector ship of Christ Church, St. Peters and St. James',Philadelphia .In 1820 he was ordained
priest and until 1826 was rector of St. James' Church,Lancaster, Pennsylvania . Largely owing to his efforts, Lancaster was the second public school district created in the state. His interest inchurch music andhymnody prompted his pamphlet of 1821, "A Plea for Christian Hymns"; he drew up for the use of his ownparish a collection of "Church Poetry" (1823); and in 1823 be was appointed by the General Convention a member of the committee onpsalm s and hymns, whose collection, approved in 1826, contained several of Muhlenberg's own compositions, including "I would not live alway", "Shout the glad tidings", and "Saviour, who thy flock art feeding".Founding of the Episcopal Church School Movement
From 1826 to 1845 he was rector of St. George's,
Flushing, Long Island , where in 1827 he becameheadmaster of theFlushing Institute , probably the first ProtestantEpiscopal Church School in theUnited States . He founded a St. Paul's College, to include the institute, but thepanic of 1837 and the refusal of a charter by the state legislature brought it to an end; and the property was sold a few years after Muhlenberg left Flushing.Muhlenberg's Eight Educational Principles
Muhlenberg thought that education was too narrowly defined to its intellectual and physical aspects, while a
moral education was sadly neglected. By "moral education", he meant both a religious education and a character education. He spelled his notions out in eight leading principles:1) Moral Education must be based on Christianity.2) The Bible must be the subject of systematic instruction.3) Moral discipline should as far as possible be preventive.4) Proper Physical Education is a powerful auxiliary to moral discipline.5) Reproof and admonition should for the most part be administered in private.6) Corrective discipline should be chosen and regulated with a view to implanting the principle.7) Rewards, like punishments, should have reference to the cherishing of principle.8) Moral government should be mild and affectionate, yet steady and uniform.
The final purpose, the desirable end of these maxims was, in Muhlenberg's words, "that the pupil must be made to perceive that the law of God is the law of the school."
Muhlenberg's Impact on Episcopalian Education
The methods of Muhlenberg's
Flushing Institute were copied widely. In 1842 Muhlenberg participated directly in the establishment of Saint James Hall (later Saint James College and now Saint James School) near Hagerstown, Maryland. Muhlenberg considered this school to be an offspring of his St. Paul's College, and the first headmaster was the Rev. John B. Kerfoot, a former pupil and then Muhlenberg's Professor of Latin and Greek. Later, over the second half of the 19th Century otherEpiscopal Church Schools sprang up throughout the United States. Notable schools directly influenced by Muhlenberg wereSt. Paul's School , inConcord, New Hampshire , and theGroton School inGroton, Massachusetts , both established in accordance with his ideals.Later Years
In 1845 he removed to
New York City , where in 1846 he became rector of theChurch of the Holy Communion , a free church built by his sister, Mrs.Mary A. Rogers . Here Muhlenberg founded the first American order of Protestant Episcopaldeaconess es, theSisterhood of the Church of the Holy Communion , begun in 1845 and formally organized in 1852. The work of the sisterhood led to Muhlenberg's establishment ofSt. Luke's Hospital (opened in 1858), for which his congregation made offerings eachSt. Luke's Day after 1846. In 1866 he founded onLong Island theChurch Industrial Community of St. Johnland . He bought 535 acres (mostly wooded), with a shore front of 1 1/2 m. onLong Island Sound , near Kings Park, to be a home for the aged and for young children, especially cripples. The plan was not reformatory nor purely charitable, and a moderate rent was charged for the cottages. In the St. Johnland cemetery is the grave of Dr. Muhlenberg, who died on8 April 1877 in St. Luke's Hospital, New York City.His ideal of the church was that it was
missionary and evangelical as well as catholic with formal government and ritual; hence he called himself anevangelical Catholic and wrote the "Evangelical Catholic Papers", which were collected and published byAnne Ayres in 1875-1877.References
*1911
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/muhlenberg/index.html Works by Muhlenberg]See also
*
Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe External links
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/muhlenberg/index.html The Life and Work of William Augustus Muhlenberg] by Anne Ayres (Project Canterbury)
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/fcmorehouse1892/08.html Some American Churchmen by Frederic Cook Morehouse] Chapter VIII. William Augustus Muhlenberg
* [http://www.ccel.org/php/disp.php?authorID=schaff&bookID=encyc08&page=51&view=png Muhlenberg, William August] (Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge )
* [http://www.cyberhymnal.org/bio/m/u/muhlenberg_wa.htm William Augustus Mühlenberg 1796-1877] (The Cyber Hymnal)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=sT03AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0H0r6CAadDZnBQIM1o Life of the Right Reverend John Barrett Kerfoot] , D.D. L.L.D., First Bishop of Pittsburgh, by Hall Harrison, M.A., Vol. 1, pp. 46 - 48, published by James Pott & Co., New York 1886 (Google Books)
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