Heckscher-Ohlin theorem

The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem is one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. It states: "A capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, while the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good."

The critical assumption of the Heckscher-Ohlin model is that the two countries are identical, except for the difference in resource endowments. This also implies that the aggregate preferences are the same. The relative abundance in capital will cause the capital-abundant country to produce the capital-intensive good cheaper than the labor-abundant country and vice versa.

Initially, when the countries are not trading:
* the price of capital-intensive good in capital-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country,
* the price of labor-intensive good in labor-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country.

Once trade is allowed, profit-seeking firms will move their products to the markets that have (temporary) higher price. As a result:
* the capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good,
* the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good.

The Leontief paradox, presented by Wassily Leontief in 1954, found that the U.S. (the most capital-abundant country in the world by any criteria) exported labor-intensive commodities and imported capital-intensive commodities, in apparent contradiction with Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.

Related theorems

* Factor price equalization – The relative prices for two identical factors of production in the same market will eventually equal each other because of competition.
* Stolper-Samuelson theorem – A rise in the relative price of a good will lead to a rise in the return to that factor which is used most intensively in the production of the good, and conversely, to a fall in the return to the other factor.
* Rybczynski theorem – When only one of two factors of production is increased there is a relative increase in the production of the good using more of that factor. This leads to a corresponding decline in that good's relative price as well as a decline in the production of the good that uses the other factor most intensively.

References

*Appleyard, Field, & Cobb. (2006). "International Economics" (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. ISBN 0-07-287737-5.
*Case, Karl E. & Fair, Ray C. (1999). "Principles of Economics" (5th ed.). Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-961905-4.