Women's history

Women's history is the history of female human beings.

Rights and equality

Women's rights refers to the social and human rights of women. One of the first women's rights declaration was the "Declaration of Sentiments". From women's involvement within the abolition movements, women became aware of male dominance and oppressionFact|date=July 2007. From then on women struggled for equality. The History of feminism reaches far back before the 18th century. (See Protofeminist.) The advent of the reformist age during the 19th century meant that those invisible minorities or marginalized majorities were to find a catalyst and a microcosm in such new tendencies of reform. The earliest works on the so-called "woman question" criticized the restrictive role of women, without necessarily claiming that women were disadvantaged or that men were to blame. In the UK, the Feminism movement began in the 1800s and continues in the present day. In the early 20th century, Simone de Beauvoir wrote a detailed analysis of women's oppression. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the sexual revolution substantially changed the condition of women in the Western world. The trigger for the revolution was the development of the birth control pill in 1960, which gave women access to easy and reliable contraception.

Employment

The 1870 US Census was the first to count “Females engaged in each occupation” and provides an intriguing snapshot of women's history. It reveals that, contrary to popular belief, not all American women of the Victorian period were either idle in their middle class homes or working in sweatshops. Women were 15% of the total work force (1.8 million out of 12.5). They made up one-third of factory “operatives,” to be sure, but teaching and the more gentle occupations of dressmaking, millinery, and tailoring played a larger role. Two-thirds of teachers were women. And they could be found in such unexpected places as iron and steel works (495), mines (46), sawmills (35), oil wells and refineries (40), gas works (4), and charcoal kilns (5) and held such surprising jobs as ship rigger (16), teamster (196), turpentine laborer (185), brass founder/worker (102), shingle and lathe maker (84), stock-herder (45), gun and locksmith (33), hunter and trapper (2). There were five lawyers, 24 dentists, and 2,000 doctors.

ex and reproduction

In the history of sex, the social construction of sexual behavior - its taboos, regulation and social and political impact - has had a profound effect on women in the world since prehistoric times. The history of abortion dates back to ancient times and has impacted men and women in a variety of ways in different times and places. Historically, it is unclear how often the ethics of abortion (induced abortion) was discussed. In the later half of the 20th century some nations began to legalize abortion. This controversial subject has sparked heated debate and in some cases even violence.

Women have been exposed to various tortuous sexual conditions and have been discriminated against in various fashions in history. An example are the comfort women, women who were forced to work as prostitutes in military brothels in Japanese-occupied countries during World War II.

Clothing

The social aspects of clothing has been related to the traditions regarding certain items of clothing intrinsically suited different gender roles. In particular, the wearing of skirts and trousers has given rise to common phrases expressing implied restrictions in use and disapproval of offending behaviour. For example, ancient Greeks often considered the wearing of trousers by Persian men as a sign of an effeminate attitude. Women's clothing in Victorian fashion was used as a means of controlFact|date=July 2007 and admiration. Reactions to the elaborate confections of French fashion led to various calls for reform on the grounds of both beauty (Artistic and Aesthetic dress) and health (dress reform; especially for undergarments and lingerie). Although trousers for women did not become fashion items until the later 20th century, women began wearing men's trousers (suitably altered) for outdoor work a hundred years earlier. In the 1960s, André Courrèges introduced long trousers for women as a fashion item, leading to the era of the pantsuit and designer jeans and the gradual eroding of the prohibitions against girls and women wearing trousers in schools, the workplace, and fine restaurants. Corsets also have long been used for fashion, and body modification, such as waistline reduction. There were, and are, many different styles and types of corsets, varying depending on the intended use, corset maker's style, and the fashions of the era.

The status of Women in the Victoria Era is often seen as an illustration of the striking discrepancy between the nation's power and richness and what many, then and now, consider its appalling social conditions. Victorian morality was full of many contradictions. A plethora of social movements concerned with improving public morals co-existed with a class system that permitted harsh living conditions for many, such as women. There is an apparent contradiction between the widespread cultivation of an outward appearance of dignity and restraint and the prevalence of social phenomena that included prostitution. In the Victorian era, the bathing machine was developed. It was a device that flourished in the 19th century to allow people to wade in the ocean at beaches without violating Victorian notions of modesty. The bathing machine was part of sea-bathing etiquette that was more rigorously enforced upon women than men.

Religion

The Christian views about women vary considerably today and have varied even more throughout the last two millennia, evolving along with or counter to the societies in which Christians have lived. For much of Christian history, the role of women in the life of the church both local and universal has been downplayed, overlooked, or simply denied.Blevins, Carolyn DeArmond, "Women in Christian History: A Bibliography." Macon, Georgia: Mercer Univ Press, 1995. ISBN 086554493X] When some women have interreligious marriage, or marriage (either religious or civil) between partners professing different religions, they seldom can do so without disobeying both of these religions.

See Women as theological figures.

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ee also

The following is a list of links either about women's history, or containing relevant information, often in a "History" section.

Lists

* Women's organizations : a List of women's organizations
* List of current and historical women's universities and colleges : A women's college is an institution of higher education where enrollment is all-female. Where institutions have become coeducational, this is noted, along with the year the enrollment policy was changed.
* List of feminists

General

* Equal Rights Amendment : a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution which would have ] [] guaranteed equal rights under law for Americans regardless of gender.
*History of feminism
*Women's suffrage.
* Women's History Month - March, a month to celebrate the Women's history and International Women's Day
* Suffragette members of the women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom. Suffragist is a more general term for members of the movement, whether radical or conservative, male or female. American women preferred this more inclusive title but people in the United States who were hostile to suffrage for the American woman used the UK title.
* A History of Woman Suffrage : A history book of the suffrage movement, primarily in the United States, composed of six volumes from 1887 to 1922.
* Men's League for Women's Suffrage : a society formed in 1907 by the left-wing writers Henry Brailsford, Max Eastman, Laurence Housman, Henry Nevinson and others to pursue women's suffrage.
* Woman's Christian Temperance Union The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is the oldest continuing non-sectarian women's organization in the US and worldwide.
* The Subjection of Women is the title of an essay written by John Stuart Mill in 1869, stating his views in favor of a much wider selection of people being allowed to vote.

exuality

* Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures concerns the culture, knowledge, and references shared by various people by virtue of their membership in a minorities or their state of being transgendered.
* Effeminacy is character trait of a male showing femininity, unmanliness, womanliness, weakness, softness and/or a delicacy, which contradicts traditional masculine, male gender roles.

Research

*Schlesinger Library
*The Women's Library (London)
*GENESIS - Guide to sources for women's history in the British Isles

Other

* Demography is the study of human population dynamics. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration and ageing.

ee also

*Herstory
*History of feminism

ources

* Banner, Lois. Women in modern America: a brief history. Sn Diego 1984
* Daniel, Robert L. American women in the twentieth century. San Diego 1987
* Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American experience. New York 1984

External articles and references

* [http://gerritsen.chadwyck.com/ The Gerritsen Collection - Women's History Online]
* [http://www.feminist.org/welcome/chronology/timeline.asp Feminist Majority Foundation timeline]
* [http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/ku.php?tab=web&ID=84 Project "Women's History and Gender History in Westphalia"]
* [http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/genesis/ Genesis: a mapping initiative to identify and develop access to women's history sources in the British Isles]
* [http://www.womenshistorynetwork.org/ Women's History Network (UK)]
* [http://ncwhs.oah.org/ National Collaborative for Women's History Sites] (US)
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/pwwmh/womlist1.htm Places Where Women Made History, a National Park Service "Discover Our Shared Heritage" Travel Itinerary]
* [http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/ Women in World History]

References