Afro-Peruvian

Infobox Ethnic group
group =Afro Peruvian


caption = Notable African Peruvians: María Elena Moyano and St. Martin de Porres
population =140,000 [cite web |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=210549 |title=Afro-Peruvian |accessdate=2008-08-25 |work=Joshua Project |publisher=U.S. Center for World Mission ]
3% of Peru's population
popplace =Nazca, Ica
langs =Spanish
rels =Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestants, Islam, and African tribal religions)
related =African people, and Peruvian people Afro Peruvians are citizens of Peru, descended from Black African slaves who were brought to the New World with the arrival of the conquistadors towards the end of the slave trade. According to the CIA World Fact Book Afro-Peruvians constitute around 3-4% of the total population

Early history

The first African Peruvians arrived with the conquistadors in 1521, to return permanently in 1525. They fought alongside the conquistadors as soldiers and worked wherever needed. Because of their previous acculturation in Spanish language and culture, they performed a variety of skilled and unskilled functions that contributed to Hispanic colonization.

Gradually, Afro Peruvians concentrated in specialized fields that drew upon their extensive knowledge and training in skilled artisan work and in agriculture. As the mestizo population grew, the role of Afro-Peruvians as intermediaries between the indigenous residents and the Spaniards lessened. The mestizo population increased through liaisons between Spanish and indigenous Peruvians. From this reality, a pigmentocracy became increasingly important to protect the privileges of Spanish overlords and their Spanish and mestizo children. In this system, Spaniards were at the top of the hierarchy, mestizos in the middle, and Africans and the indigenous populations competed for the bottom. Mestizos inherited the privilege of helping the Spanish administer the country.

Furthermore, as additional immigrants arrived from Spain and aggressively settled Peru, the mestizos attempted to keep the most lucrative jobs for themselves. In the early colonial period, Afro-Spaniards and Afro-Peruvians frequently worked in the gold mines because of their familiarity with the techniques. Gold mining and smithing were common in parts of western Africa from at least the fourth century. However, after the early colonial period, few Afro-Peruvians would become goldsmiths or silversmiths. In the end Afro-Peruvians were relegated to back-breaking labor on sugarcane and rice plantations of the northern coast or the vineyards and cotton fields of the southern coast. The indigenous population tended to work in the silver mines, of which they had a more expert knowledge than western Africans or Spanish, even in the pre-Columbian eras.

lave trade

Over the course of the slave trade, approximately 95,000 slaves were brought into Peru, with the last group arriving in 1850. They were initially transferred to Cuba but continued to Panamá where they were brought to the Viceroyalty of Peru. Slave owners also purchased their slaves in Cartagena, Colombia or Veracruz, Mexico at trade fairs, and they took back to Peru whatever the slave ships had brought over. Slaves were distributed between encomiendas as a result of the "New laws" of 1548 and due to the influence of the denunciation of the abuses against Native Americans by Friar Bartolomé de las Casas.

Slave owners in Peru also preferred slaves who were from specific areas of Africa, and who could communicate with each other. Slave owners preferred slaves from Guinea, from the Senegal River down to the Slave Coast, because the Spanish considered them to be easy to manage, and also because they had marketable skills—they knew how to plant rice, train horses, and herd cattle on horseback. The slave owners also preferred slaves from the area stretching from Nigeria to Eastern Ghana. Finally, the slave owners' third choice was for slaves from Congo, Mantenga, Cambado, Misanga, Mozambique, Madagascar, Terranova, Mina and Angola.

In the year 1856, President Ramon Castilla y Marquezado declared the freedom of the Afro-Peruvian ethnic groups and abolished slavery, beginning a new stage in history. Today, Afro-Peruvian communities celebrate the landmark decision of Castilla with a popular refrain:

:Que viva mi papá,:que viva mi mamá,:que viva Ramón Castilla:que nos dio la liberta'

:Hooray for my Dad,:Hooray for my Mom,:Hooray for Ramón Castilla:Who gave us freedom

The newly freed citizens typically took the last name of their former owners. For instance, slaves in the service of the Florez family named themselves "Florez" or "Flores".

Afro-Peruvian music

Afro-Peruvian music has its roots in the communities of black slaves brought to work in the mines along the Peruvian coast. As such, it's a fair way from the Andes, culturally and geographically. However, as it developed, particularly in this century, it drew on Andean and Spanish, as well as African traditions, while its modern exponents also have affinities with Andean nueva canción. The music was little known even in Peru until the 1950s, when it was popularized by the seminal performer Nicomedes Santa Cruz, whose body of work was taken a step further in the 1970s by the group Peru Negro. Internationally, it has had a recent airing through David Byrne's Luaka Bop label, issuing the compilation, Peru-Negro, and a solo album by Susana Baca.

Nicomedes Santa Cruz is the towering figure in the development of Afro-Peruvian music. A poet, musician and journalist, he was the first true musicologist to assert an Afro-Peruvian cultural identity through black music and dance, producing books and recordings of contemporary black music and culture in Peru. In 1959, with his group Conjunto Cumanana , he recorded the album Kumanana, followed in 1960 by Ingá and Décimas y poemas Afroperuanos. In 1964 he recorded a four-album set Cumanana, now regarded as the bible of Afro-Peruvian music. Santa Cruz himself followed in the footsteps of Porfirio Vasquez , who came to Lima in 1920 and was an early pioneer of the movement to regain the lost cultural identity of Afro-Peruvians. A composer of décimas, singer, guitarist, cajonero (box player) and zapateador (dancer) he founded the Academia Folklorica in Lima in 1949. Through Santa Cruz's work and that of the group Peru Negro and the singer and composer Chabuca Granda , Latin America came to know Afro-Peruvian dances, the names of which were given to their songs such as Toro mata, Samba-malató, El Alcatraz and Festejo.

Afro-Peruvians today

Today, Afro-Peruvians (also known as Afrodescent Peruvians) reside mainly on the central and south coast, with the majority of the population in the provinces of Lima, Callao, Nazca, Chincha, Ica and Cañete. Afro-Peruvians can also be found in significant numbers on the northern coast in Lambayeque and Piura. The greatest concentration of Afro-Peruvians and Mestizos of Afrodescent is in the Callao, an area that has historically received many of the Afro-Peruvians from the north and southern coast.

On the southern coast of the Ica Region, there are many cotton fields and vineyards, and the area is commonly known for its black populations such as that in El Carmen of the populous Chincha Province. There are other such towns in the Nazca, Ica City and in the district of San Luis in the Cañete Province near Lima, and Nazca to the south of Lima. In Lima, the towns most well-known for having large concentrations of Afrodescent populations are Puente Piedra, Chorrillos, Rimac, and La Victoria.

Afro-Peruvians also reside in the northern regions of Peru such as La Libertad and Ancash, but the larger populations are concentrated in the northern valley plantations of the regions of Piura and Lambayeque.

Most Afro-Peruvian communities live in rural farming areas where mango, rice, and sugarcane production is present. Contrary to the "southern coast", these communities are mainly found away from the coastal shores and in to the region of the "yungas", where the plain meets the Andes.

The greatest Afro-Peruvian populations of the North coast are found mainly in the outskirts of the Morropón Province and concentrate themselves in Piura and Tumbes. The central province of Morropón is well known by its black communities in cities like especially in the cities of Chulucanas, Yapatera, Chapica del Carmelo, La Matanza, Pabur(Hacienda Pabur), Morropón, Salitral, Buenos Aires, San Juan de Bigote and Canchaque, and to the north Tambogrande. All of these cities belong to the Piura Region, where there are large rice fields and mango plantations. South of the Lambayeque Region and north of La Libertad where sugarcane production was very productive in the past, there are several cities known for their black inhabitants. Examples are the colonial city of Saña in Lambayeque, famous for being the second most important Afro-Peruvian city of the Peruvian north. Also Tuman, Capote, Cayaltí, and Batán Grande within the region of Lambayeque are known to have large amounts of Afro-Peruvian populations in the sugarcane region.

Also the populations of Chancay and Aucallama are known in the province of Huaral, and the town of Acarí, in the province of Caravelí, to the north of Arequipa. In northern regions like Libertad and Ancash, Afroperuvians also exist, but in lesser measure, since the great majority of that population is concentrated in the regions of Piura and Lambayeque.

Recently it has been verified that the community with the greatest concentration of Afro-Peruvians is Yapatera in Morropón (Piura), made up of around 7,000 farmers who are largely descended from African slaves of "malagasy" (Madagascar) origin. They are referred to as "malgaches" or "mangaches".

Formerly, Chincha to the south of Lima and other communities in Ica were known as the towns of greatest Afro-Peruvian concentration, but due to the excessive mixing between the Afro inhabitants native to the area and the Andean migrants, the Afro-Peruvian root has been more hybridized. Also, many of the Afrodescent residents of these communities migrated towards Lima for better opportunities.

Freed slaves also arrived in small valleys in the rain forests of the Amazon such as Cerro de Pasco and Huánuco and there are still small populations with African ancestry in these areas.

List of Renowned Afro-Peruvians

*List of Famed Afro-Latinos
*Adriana Zubiate Miss Peru Universe 2002
*Andrés Mandros Gallardo, historian, leader of Francisco Congo group.
*Antonio Oblitas lieutenant of Tupac Amaru II
* Ballumbrosio Family, with Amador Ballumbrosio as head of the family and his fourteen children, all musicians, percussionists, dancers.
*Alejandro Romero Cáceres (aka Gordo Casarreto), comedian
*Andres Soto, singer-songwriter.
*Arturo Zambo Cavero, singer and percussionist.
*Pedro Carlos Soto de la Colina, better known as Caitro Soto, musician, composer, cajon player.
*Chabuca Granda, composer of famed "Toro Mata" rhythm, popularized by Celia Cruz in "salsa" style
*Cecilia Tait, former volleyball player and regarded as among the best players of all time in the spike. Congresswoman-elect of the Republic during the 2001-2006 legislative period and only Latin American to enter the Volleyball Hall of Fame.
*”Chocolate" Algendones, great percussionist, a specialist in the cajon. Founding member of the group Perú Negro, a member of Matalaché and Peru Jazz. He accompanied Chabuca Granda on percussion.
*Eva Ayllón, Interpreter of modern pop singer of folk music and renowned Afro-Peruvian Latin America.
*Francisco Congo, leader of maroon/Cimarron resistance group during the colonial period.
*Francisco Fierro "Pancho Fierro", artist
*Geronimo Barbadillo, a former soccer player, played in the Italian football in the 80's.
*Guajaja - popular Peruvian musician
*Hector Chumpitaz Gonzales, a former soccer player, former captain of Americas 1970-1980.
*Immortal Technique - hip-hop artist and activist
*Jefferson Farfán, current soccer player of Schalke 04 in Germany.
*José Campos Dávila "Cheche", dean of social sciences and humanities at La Cantuta University.
*José Carlos Luciano"Pepe", socologist, pioneer in the Afro-Peruvian movement.
*José Gil de Castro, "Mulato Gil de Castro," artist, hero of the Peruvian Revolution as well as renowned soldier in Chilean army.
*Jose Luis Perez Sanchez-Cerro, current Peruvian Ambassador to Spain and world human rights activist.
*José Luis Risco, congressist
*José Rayo, revolutionary leader during war of independence
*Juan Joya, former soccer player of Alianza Lima Peru, Peñarol Uruguay and River Plate Argentina.
*Juan Manuel Valdez first Afro-Peruvian doctor, author, poet, and parliamentary.
*Julio Cesar Uribe, a former soccer player, idol of Junior de Barranquilla Americas and Mexico. He also played for Italian football in the 80's.
*Julio Melendez, named the greatest Boca Juniors "stopper".
*Leon Escobar, revolutionary, took over the presidential palace for over a week.
*Lucha Reyes, interpreter, folk music singer known for her voice in Peruvian Waltz. In Mexico well known for participating in Boleros.
*Lucila Campos, singer and component Peru Negro.
*Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, president of Peru.
*Luisa Fuentes, better known as Lucha Fuentes, volleyball player with the Peruvian national team won numerous international titles, winning five championships and three South American Panamerican Subchampionships. She participated in two Olympics (Mexico and Montreal) and six world championships.
*Manuel Ricardo Palma Soriano, poet, writer, author of the brilliant "Peruvian Traditions”.
*María Elena Moyano, civil leader.
*Martha Moyano, congresswoman.
*St. Martin de Porres, famous "Limeño" saint, first saint of the Americas and first black saint.
*Mauro Mina, a former South American light-heavy weight champion boxer.
*Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua, revolutionary and wife of Tupac Amaru II.
*Negro Guadalupe, military leader.
*Nicomedes Santa Cruz, folklore, afro-Peruvian writer and poet rescuer of the Decima Limeña and northernCumanana.
*Pablo Branda Villanueva (aka Melcochita), salsa singer and comedian of world renown.
*Rafael Santa Cruz, actor.
*Ronaldo Campos, one of the original founders of Peru Negro and preserver of Afro-Peruvian rhythms played on the cajon.
*Rosa Elvira Caragena Miss Peru World 1999, and model for Sabado Gigante, Univision.
*Susana Baca in the field of music is probably the best known at the international level ("won a Grammy for Best Folk Album"in 2002). She is a renowned composer, singer and scholar of the rhythms of "Afro" descent in Peru. She is responsible for recovering almost forgotten harmonies and rhythms of Afro-Peruvian music.
*Tatiana Espinoza, actress.
*Teófilo Cubillas, considered the greatest Peruvian soccer player of all time.
*Victoria Santa Cruz, folklore and director of the Conjunto Nacional de Folclore del Instituto Nacional de Cultura.

References

*Blanchard "Slavery and Abolition in early Republican Peru"
*Browser, F.P. "The African Slave in Colonial Peru"
*Lockhart, J. "Spanish Peru: A Colonial Society"
*Millones, Luis "Minorias étnicas en el Perú"

ee also

* Afro-Latin American
* Cañete
* Musica negra
* Música criolla
* Negro

Resources

* [http://www.museoafroperuano.org Museo Afro Peruano]
* [http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=210549 Joshua Project - Afro-Peruvian]
* [http://www.perunegro.org Peru Negro]
* [http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/BibVirtual/tesis/Human/Carazas_SM/Contenido.htm Imágen(Es) E Identidad Del Sujeto Afroperuano En La Novela Peruana Contemporánea]
* [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLACAFROLATINSINSPA/Resources/FINAL_Peru.pdf Pobreza, discriminacion social e indentidad: El caso de la poblacion afrodescendiente en el Peru]
* [http://onedroprule.org/forum/127/restall-blackconquistadors.pdf Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans In Early Spanish America]

References