- Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge
The Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge (LSNWR) is part of the
United States National Wildlife Refuge System. It is located in southeastern Dixie and northwestern Levy counties on the western coast ofFlorida , approximately fifty miles southwest of the city of Gainesville.The 53,000 acre
wildlife refuge was established in 1979 to protect one of the largest undevelopedriver delta systems in the United States. It includes twenty miles of theSuwannee River estuary and twenty miles ofcoastline . The constant influx of nutrients from the Suwannee River combined with numerous off-shore islands and tidal creeks create excellent wildlife habitat which supports kites, bald eagles, manatees, sturgeon, deer, and turkeys, to name but a few of the species which take refuge there.For tourists, the refuge offers bird and wildlife observation, wildlife photography,
fishing ,canoeing ,hunting , and interpretive walks. As of 2005, a wildlife driving tour is under construction and several boardwalks and observation towers offer views of refuge wildlife and habitat.Wildlife resources
The Suwannee River and nearby bottomland hardwood
swamp s,pine forests,cypress dome s,tidal creek s, and vastsalt marsh es provide habitat for thousands of creatures every year. Many species includingwhite-tailed deer ,Wild Turkey ,bobcat ,bat s,alligator ,raccoon andriver otter are present throughout the year — feeding, nesting, loafing, and roaming the forests and swamps. Gulf sturgeon,Florida salt marsh vole , easternindigo snake , gopher tortoise, andWood Stork are examples of threatened or endangered species that find suitable habitat within the Refuge. Numerous birds, including the strikingSwallow-tailed Kite ,Bald Eagle ,Osprey ,Prothonotary Warbler , and dozens of species of shorebirds use the refuge seasonally then migrate farther south during winter months. More than 250 species of birds have been identified on the refuge, with at least 90 of those species actually nesting there.The Refuge’s undisturbed coastal salt marshes, tidal creeks, and tidal flats are some of the most productive ecosystems in the world. These areas provide important foraging habitat for thousands of
shorebird s, such as sandpipers,dowitcher s,American Oystercatcher ,Ruddy Turnstone , andplover s, as well asdiving duck s.Wading birds appear in the summer, including
White Ibis ,Great Egret ,Snowy Egret ,Cattle Egret ,Great Blue Heron ,Little Blue Heron ,Green Heron , andTricolored Heron , as well as the endangeredLimpkin andWood Stork ; many of them forage along the Suwannee and roost in the islands of the nearbyCedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge .These refuges also serve as a valuable nursery for
fish ,shrimp ,shellfish and juvenilesea turtle s.Freshwater fish, includinglargemouth bass ,Suwannee bass ,bluegill ,redear sunfish andchannel catfish are found in the river and its creeks. TheWest Indian Manatee andbottlenose dolphin can often be seen in the Suwannee River and just offshore where the river meets theGulf of Mexico .Wildlife survey s andcensus es provide useful information regarding various Refuge species including Bald Eagles, Swallow-tailed Kites, breeding birds, and amphibians. UnderSpecial Use Permit s, theUniversity of Florida and theUnited States Geological Survey are involved in on-going research activities on the Refuge for various species including salt marsh voles andmosquito es.Human historical significance
A 9-meter (30 ft) prehistoric
midden known as theShell Mound , which may be as much as 3,000 years old, is enclosed within the Refuge, along with other evidence of ancient human habitation.Habitat management
Before the Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge was established, much of the area was under commercial timber management, first by
Putnam Lumber Company in the early 1900s, then by a succession of other timber and paper companies, notablyGeorgia-Pacific andPackaging Corporation of America . In the late 20th century, efforts were initiated to restore many of these areas to a more natural, pre-exploitation condition. Acres ofloblolly pine s were cruised, marked and selectively thinned — and in some cases clear-cut — to move toward reforestation to a nativesandhill community oflongleaf pine andwiregrass .Scrubland habitat is being restored and improved on high, dry sandy ridge areas where it was originally found.In 2001, a
conservation easement on the nearbyCalifornia Swamp was acquired by theSuwannee River Water Management District , improving habitat preservation throughout the area. [http://www.forestsystems.com/news/nov_2001.htm]Wildfire s fromlightning strikes have always occurred naturally throughout much of the United States and is a critical component of many Florida ecosystems: many species of wildlife such as theFlorida Scrub-Jay depend on fire to sustain their habitat. Today, many of those fires cannot be left to burn unmanaged due to development. TheUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service is one of many agencies that use prescribed fire to mimic natural fires in a controlled manner. Fire lines are established with heavy equipment, trained personnel operate under a specific plan, and fires are intentionally set to help reduce hazardous fuels in the wildland/urban interface, replenish nutrients into the soil, and control vegetation by reducing undesirable species or vegetation heights. The goal is to burn areas that need fire every two to five years to maintain optimum habitat conditions.At times, the refuge
water management activities (i.e. controlling water levels with man-made structures such asculvert s) create additional seasonal habitat for wading birds. Due to tidal influence, this activity is not often needed.References
* [http://www.fws.gov/lowersuwannee/ Lower Suwannee entry at the NWS] , a public domain U.S government web site
* [http://www.fws.gov/refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=41515 Fish and Wildlife Service]
* [http://www.forestsystems.com/news/nov_2001.htm Forest Systems acquires habitat]
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