Unsolved problems in chemistry

Unsolved problems in chemistry tend to be questions of the kind "Can we make "X" chemical compound?", "Can we analyse it ?", "Can we purify it ?" and are commonly solved rather quickly, but may just as well require considerable efforts to be solved. However, there are also some questions with deeper implications. This article tends to deal with the areas that are the center of new scientific research in chemistry. Problems in chemistry are considered unsolved when an expert in the field considers it unsolved or when several experts in the field disagree about a solution to a problem [For relevant citations also see the satellite pages] .

Organic chemistry problems

* Solvolysis of the norbornyl cation: Why is the norbornyl cation so stable? Is it symmetrical? This problem has been largely settled for the unsubstituted norbornyl cation, but not for the substituted cation. See Non-classical ion.
* On-water reactions: Why are some organic reactions accelerated at the water-organic interface? [ [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/110473968/HTMLSTART "Unique Reactivity of Organic Compounds in Aqueous Suspension " Sridhar Narayan, John Muldoon, M. G. Finn, Valery V. Fokin, Hartmuth C. Kolb, K. Barry Sharpless Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 21/2005 p 3157 ,] ] See On-water reactions.
* What is the origin of the bond rotation barrier in ethane, steric hindrance or hyperconjugation? See Bond rotation barrier.
* What is the origin of the alpha effect?. Nucleophiles with an electronegative atom and one or more lone pairs adjacent to the nucleophilic center are particularly reactive. See: Alpha effect.

Biochemistry Problems

* Better-than perfect enzymes: Why do some enzymes exhibit faster-than-diffusion kinetics? [ [http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/272/35/22092.pdf Comparison of the DNA association kinetics of the Lac repressor tetramer, its dimeric mutant LacIadi, and the native dimeric Gal repressor] Hsieh M, Brenowitz M. Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. The Journal of biological chemistry (J. biol. chem.) ISSN 0021-9258 CODEN JBCHA3] See Enzyme kinetics.
* What is the origin of homochirality in amino acids and sugars? See Homochirality.
* Protein folding problem: Is it possible to predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polypeptide sequence based solely on the sequence and environmental information? Inverse protein-folding problem: Is it possible to design a polypeptide sequence which will adopt a given structure under certain environmental conditions? [Citation
last =King
first = Jonathan
author-link =
last2 =Gossard
first2 =David
author2-link =
title =MIT OpenCourseWare 7.88J / 5.48J / 7.24J / 10.543J Protein Folding Problem, Fall 2003 Lecture Notes - 1
date =
year =2003
url =http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Biology/7-88JProtein-Folding-ProblemFall2003/2E446AD3-5702-49F1-9B95-9DC298E2ACB3/0/lec01.pdf
accessdate = ] See Protein folding.

* What are the chemical origins of life? How did non-living chemical compounds generate self-replicating, complex life forms? See Abiogenesis.

Physical chemistry Problems

* What is the electronic structure of the high temperature superconductors at various points on the phase diagram? Can the transition temperature be brought up to room temperature? See Superconductor.

* Feynmanium: What are the chemical consequences of having an element, with an atomic number above 137, whose 1s electrons must travel faster than the speed of light? Is "Feynmanium" the last chemical element that can physically exist? The problem actually occurs at Element 139 (eka-actinium/dvi-lanthanum), since complete analysis involving relativity gives a smaller result for the velocity of the 1s electrons, therefore allowing stable 1s orbits in the element 138 (Uto). "See the article on Untriseptium and section Element 137 of Atomic orbital."

* How can electromagnetic energy (photons) be efficiently converted to chemical energy? (E.g. splitting of water to H₂ and O using solar energy.) [cite book
last = Duffie
first =John A.
authorlink =
title =Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes
publisher =Wiley-Interscience
date =2006
location =
pages =928
month =August
isbn=978-0471698678 ] [cite book
last = Brabec
first =Christoph
authorlink =
coauthors = Vladimir Dyakonov, Jürgen Parisi, Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
title =Organic Photovoltaics: Concepts and Realization
publisher =Springer
date =2006
location =
pages =300
month =March
isbn=978-3540004059 ]
* What is the nature of bonding in hypervalent molecules? See Hypervalent molecules.
* What is the structure of water? According to Science Magazine in 2005, one of the 100 outstanding unsolved problems in science revolves around the question of how water forms hydrogen bonds with its neighbors in bulk water."So much more to know" Science 1 July 2005: Vol. 309. no. 5731, pp. 78 - 102 DOI|10.1126/science.309.5731.78b ] See: water cluster

References

External links

* [http://www.sfc.fr/10-problems-for-chemsitry.htm 10 problems for Chemistry in the 21th Century] - French Chemical Society
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/125th/ First 25 of 125 big questions that face scientific inquiry over the next quarter-century] Science Magazine (2005)
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5731/78b Next 100 of 125 big questions that face scientific inquiry over the next quarter-century] Science Magazine (2005)
* [http://www.chbmeng.ohio-state.edu/centennial/tirrell.pdf Unsolved Problems in Nanotechnology: Chemical Processing by Self-Assembly - Matthew Tirrell] - Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara