Douglas Aircraft Company

Douglas Aircraft Company

Fate	Merged with McDonnell Aircraft Corporation
Successor	McDonnell Douglas
Founded	1921
Defunct	1967
Headquarters	Santa Monica, California

The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach, California. It was founded in 1921 by Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. and later merged with McDonnell Aircraft in 1967 to form McDonnell Douglas. Douglas Aircraft Company largely operated as a division of McDonnell Douglas after the merger.

History

The Douglas Aircraft Company was founded by Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. on July 22, 1921 in Santa Monica, California, following dissolution of the Davis-Douglas Company. An early claim to fame was the first circumnavigation of the world by air in Douglas planes in 1924.

The company is most famous for the "DC" ("Douglas Commercial") series of commercial aircraft, including what is often regarded as the most significant transport aircraft ever made: the DC-3, which was also produced as a military transport known as the C-47 Skytrain or "Dakota." Many Douglas aircraft had unusually long service lives, and many remain in service today. Douglas created a wide variety of aircraft for the US armed forces, the Navy in particular.

The company initially built torpedo bombers for the US Navy, but developed a number of variants of these aircraft, including observation aircraft and a commercial airmail variant. Within five years, the company was building over 100 aircraft annually. Among the early employees at Douglas were Edward Heinemann, "Dutch" Kindelberger, and Jack Northrop (who later founded Northrop).

The company retained its military market and expanded into amphibians in the late 1920s, also moving its facilities to Clover Field at Santa Monica. The Santa Monica complex was so large that the mail girls used roller skates to deliver the intra-company mail. By the end of World War II, Douglas had facilities at Santa Monica, El Segundo, Long Beach, and Torrance, California; Tulsa and Midwest City, Oklahoma; and Chicago, IL.

In 1934, Douglas produced a commercial two-engined transport, the DC-2, followed by the famous DC-3 in 1936. The wide range of aircraft produced by Douglas included airliners, light and medium bombers, fighters, transports, observation aircraft, and experimental aircraft. During WWII, Douglas joined the BVD (Boeing-Vega-Douglas) consortium to produce the B-17 Flying Fortress. After the war, Douglas built another Boeing design under license, the B-47 Stratojet.

Women at work on bomber, Douglas Aircraft Company, Long Beach, California in October 1942.

World War II was a major boost for Douglas. The company produced almost 30,000 aircraft from 1942 to 1945, and its workforce swelled to 160,000. The company produced a number of aircraft including the C-47 (based on the DC-3), the DB-7 (known as the A-20, Havoc or Boston), the Dauntless and the A-26 Invader. The company suffered following the end of hostilities, with an end to government aircraft orders and a surplus of aircraft. It heavily cut its workforce, terminating almost 100,000 people. As part of their wartime work, Douglas established a United States Army Air Forces think-tank, a group that would later become the RAND Corporation.

Douglas continued to develop new aircraft, including the successful four-engined DC-6 (1946) and their last prop-driven commercial aircraft, the DC-7 (1953). The company had moved into jet propulsion, producing their first for the military — the conventional F3D Skyknight in 1948 and then the more 'jet age' F4D Skyray in 1951. Douglas also made commercial jets, producing the DC-8 in 1958 to compete with the new Boeing 707.

An ex-USAF C-47A Skytrain, the military version of the DC-3, on display in England in 2010. This aircraft flew from a base in Devon, England, during the Invasion of Normandy.

Douglas was a pioneer in related fields, such as ejection seats, air-to-air, surface-to-air, and air-to-surface missiles, launch vehicles, bombs and bomb racks. Douglas was eager to enter the new missile business in the 1950s. Douglas moved from producing air-to-air rockets and missiles to entire missile systems under the 1956 Nike program and becoming the main contractor of the Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile program and the Thor ballistic missile program. Douglas also earned contracts from NASA, notably for designing the S-IVB Stage of the Saturn V heavy-lift rocket.

In 1967, the company was struggling to expand production to meet demand for DC-8 and DC-9 airliners and the A-4 Skyhawk attack plane. Quality and cash flow problems, DC-10 development costs, combined with shortages due to the Vietnam War, led Douglas to agree to a merger with McDonnell Aircraft Corporation to form McDonnell Douglas. Douglas Aircraft Company continued as a wholly owned subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas, but its space and missiles division became part of a new subsidiary called McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company.

McDonnell Douglas later merged with Boeing in 1997. Boeing combined the Douglas Aircraft Company with the Boeing Commercial Airplanes division, ending more than 75 years of Douglas Aircraft Company history. The last Long Beach-built commercial aircraft, the Boeing 717 (a third generation version of the Douglas DC-9), ceased production in May 2006. In 2011, the C-17 Globemaster III is the last aircraft being assembled at the Long Beach facility.

Aircraft

Douglas DC-3

Douglas DC-6

Passengers deplaning a SAS DC-6

• DT-1 (1921)
• DWC (1923)
• O-2 (1924)
• C-1 (1925)
• M-1 (1925)
• T2D (1927)
• BT-1/BT-2 (1930)
• Dolphin (1930)
• O-31 (1930)
• B-7/O-35 (1931)
• XT3D (1931)
• DC-1 (1933)
• DC-2 (1934)
• O-43 (1934)
• B-18 Bolo (1935)
• DC-3 (1935)
• TBD Devastator (1935)
• O-46 (1936)
• Douglas DB-7 Boston / A-20 Havoc (1938)
• SBD Dauntless (1938)
• DC-4E (1938)
• B-23 Dragon (1939)
• DC-4 (1939)
• DC-5 (1939)
• Douglas XB-19 (1941)
• A-26 Invader (1942)
• BTD Destroyer (1943)
• XA-42/XB-42 (1944)
• A-1 Skyraider (1945)
• C-74 Globemaster (1945)
• XB-43 (1946)
• DC-6 (1946)
• D-558-1 Skystreak (1947)
• D-558-2 Skyrocket (1948)
• F3D Skyknight (1948)
• C-124 Globemaster II (1949)
• A2D Skyshark (1950)
• F4D Skyray (1951)
• A-3 Skywarrior (1952)
• X-3 Stiletto (1952)
• A-4 Skyhawk (1954)
• B-66 Destroyer (1954)
• DC-7 (1953)
• F5D Skylancer (1956)
• C-133 Cargomaster (1956)
• F6D Missileer (1958)
• DC-8 (1958)
• DC-9 (1965)
• DC-10 (1971)
• YC-15 (1975)
• MD-80 (1980)
• MD-11 (1990)
• C-17 Globemaster III (1991)
• MD-90 (1993)

Missiles and Space Launch

• Roc I
• AAM-N-2 Sparrow I (1948)
• AIR-2 Genie (1956)
• Nike Ajax (1959)
• Nike Hercules
• Nike Zeus
• Honest John
• Thor
• GAM-87 Skybolt
• Delta
• Saturn S-IVB stage

References

	Los Angeles portal
	Companies portal
	Aviation portal

• Sobel, Robert. "Donald Douglas: The Fortunes of War". The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition. Weybright & Talley, 1974. ISBN 0-679-40064-8.

External links

• Douglas Aircraft history 1939-45
• Douglas Aircraft history 1946-56
• Douglas Aircraft history 1957-67
• Complete production list starting with the Cloudster
• Douglas Aircraft Company Photographs at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School