String piano

String piano is a term coined by American composer-theorist Henry Cowell (1897–1965) to collectively describe those pianistic extended techniques in which sound is produced by direct manipulation of the strings, instead of or in addition to striking the piano's keys. Pioneered by Cowell in the 1920s, such techniques are now often called upon in the works of avant-garde classical music composers.

Techniques

String piano compositions can involve a wide range of techniques. Among those employed by Cowell, the first major proponent of the approach, are:
*plucking (pizzicato)
*flicking back and forth across a string with a fingernail (similar to a mandolin tremolo)
*sweeping chromatically across the strings with the fingers
*sweeping across the strings with the flat of the hand (producing a tone cluster)
*sweeping along one or more strings with the flesh of the finger(s)
*scraping along one or more strings with the fingernail(s)

Strings may also be pressed at specific points along their length with the fingers of one hand while being played by the other to produce different harmonic pitches. These sounding techniques may be combined with direct muting of the strings with devices similar to those used to mute violins. In string piano pieces that call for the performer to sit at the keyboard, the keys may be depressed and held down silently with one hand to create chords, including tone clusters, that are played by the other on the strings; use of the sustain and soft pedals offer additional variations to string piano playing. For string piano pieces in which the performer stands alongside the instrument without addressing the keyboard, the pedals of the piano (and even, silently, the keys) may also be employed with the help of an assistant or a deadweight. Cowell also wrote passages for techniques involving simultaneous manipulation of the strings—sliding along one or more with the fingers or a metal object—and keyboard sounding in order to produce glissando effects. Other objects, such as bows and brushes, may also be used to elicit sound directly from the strings.

History

According to Cowell biographer Michael Hicks, "The first 'serious' composer to write for piano strings was probably Percy Grainger: at the close of his "In a Nutshell" suite (1916), he directs the pianist to play on several bass strings with a yarn-covered mallet." [Hicks (2002), p. 110.] Soon afterward, Cowell began using string piano techniques in his compositions. One of his first important works to employ the approach is the solo "Piece for Piano with Strings" (1923). [Date per Nicholls (1991), p. 159; confirmed by Hicks (2002), p. 110. The standard Lichtenwanger (1986) catalogue gives the date as 1924.] Per the Lichtenwanger listings, Cowell's earliest piece calling for string piano techniques is "The Sword of Oblivion" (ca. 1920–22) for solo piano. Like "A Composition" (1925), for piano and string quartet, it combines traditional keyboard sounding with direct string playing. "Aeolian Harp" (ca. 1923) is Cowell's first composition exclusively for string piano—while keys are silently held down, as described above, all the sounding is done by direct address of the strings (Audio|Cowell-Aeolian Harp.ogg|listen). Among his other works purely for string piano are "The Banshee" (1925 Audio|Cowell-The Banshee.ogg|listen) and "Sinister Resonance" (ca. 1930). "How Old Is Song?" (1930–31) is for voice and string piano (the accompaniment is adapted from "Aeolian Harp"). [See Nicholls (1991), pp. 159–166, for descriptions of many of these Cowell pieces and techniques.] John Cage, a student of Cowell's, was inspired by the string piano concept to pursue his explorations of the prepared piano.

Although few composers other than Cowell have used the term "string piano" to describe their use of the piano strings (George Crumb, for instance, refers to the "resources of the 'extended piano'" [Crumb (2001), p. 8.] ), such techniques were increasingly called upon during the second half of the 20th century, eventually becoming part of the general vocabulary of contemporary pianistic writing and performance. Many composers have used such "inside-the-piano" techniques sporadically, as special effects; a few have made more substantial use of them, such as Crumb (e.g., "Makrokosmos," vols. 1 and 2 [1972; 1973] ), Halim El-Dabh, Sofia Gubaidulina (e.g., "Dancer on a Tightrope" [1993] ), Mauricio Kagel (e.g., "Trio in drei Sätzen" [1984–85] ), Carl Orff (e.g., "Antigonæ" [1949] ), Toru Takemitsu (e.g., "Corona for Pianists" [1962] ), and David Tudor. Stephen Scott uses string piano techniques exclusively.

In free improvised music circles, Keith Tippett is renowned for his inventive use of inside-the-piano techniques. Although, like Cage, he places objects inside the piano, Tippett states that he does not "prepare" the piano, as the objects he utilizes are allowed to move about, creating a greater unpredictability in his work.

elected recordings

*"Daughters of the Lonesome Isle: John Cage" (New Albion 070)—includes "In the Name of the Holocaust" (1942) for string piano and Music for Piano No. 2 (1953), arranged for bowed piano, performed by Margaret Leng Tan
*"George Crumb: Makrokosmos, Vols. 1 and 2" (Music and Arts 1044)—includes a number of pieces featuring string piano techniques, performed by Jo Boatright
*"Henry Cowell: A Continuum Portrait, Vol. 1" (Naxos 8.559192)—includes "Irish Suite", for string piano and small orchestra, performed by Continuum, Joel Sachs–conductor, Cheryl Seltzer–piano
*"Henry Cowell: A Continuum Portrait, Vol. 2" (Naxos 8.559193)—includes "Piece for Piano with Strings" and "The Banshee", performed by Cheryl Seltzer
*"Henry Cowell: Piano Music" (Smithsonian Folkways 40801)—includes "The Banshee" and (linked on one track) "Aeolian Harp" and "Sinister Resonance", performed by Henry Cowell (album pictured in article)
*"New Music: Piano Compositions by Henry Cowell" (New Albion 103)—includes "The Banshee", performed by Chris Brown, and "Aeolian Harp", performed by Sorrel Hays
*"Songs of Henry Cowell" (Albany–Troy 240)—includes "How Old Is Song?", performed by Mary Ann Hart–mezzo-soprano, Jeanne Golan–pianist

Notes

References

*Crumb, George (2001). Liner notes to "George Crumb: Complete Crumb Edition, Volume Five" (Bridge 9113).
*Hicks, Michael (2002). "Henry Cowell, Bohemian." Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02751-5.
*Lichtenwanger, William (1986). "The Music of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive Catalogue." Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn College Institute for Studies in American Music. ISBN 0-914678-26-4.
*Nicholls, David (1991 [1990] ). "American Experimental Music 1890–1940." Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42464-X.

External links

*cite web|author=Tyranny,"Blue" Gene|url=http://www.avguide.com/film-music/music/musicreviews/tas146/146-jazz-caps.new.php|title=88 Keys to Freedom: Segues Through the History of American Piano Music From the Keyboard, Past the Hammers, to the Strings Inside|publisher=NewMusicBox|date=2003-10-01|accessdate=2007-08-19
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsLA2Mz6PJ8 The Aeolian Harp Piece by Henry Cowell] video of performance by Lydia Aoki
* [http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/composer.pl?comp=117 Art of the States: Henry Cowell] six works by the composer, including "Aeolian Harp", performed by Sorrel Hays
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utyb1G6Sq40 Crumb, Makrokosmos Bk.I, 1—Primeval Sounds (Cancer)] video of performance
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uQ1mL2kzXE Crumb, Makrokosmos Bk.I, 2—Proteus (Pisces)] video of performance
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WoCnFv99qo Crumb, Makrokosmos Bk.I, 4—Crucifixus (Capricorn)] video of performance
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIhx-dztJV8 Crumb—Tora! Tora! Tora!] video of performance by Jiun Yoong Lim
* [http://www.epitonic.com/artists/johncage.html Epitonic.com: John Cage] two tracks from "Daughters of the Lonesome Isle", including Margaret Leng Tan's performance of "In the Name of the Holocaust"
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGHPNU1rk8c George Crumb—Makrokosmos I—Primeval Sounds (Genesis I)] video of performance by Margaret Leng Tan
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swfL5LThvbk Makrokosmos, Clip #1] video of performance by Scot Hawkins
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdZ87lWLU5g Makrokosmos, Clip #2] video of performance by Scot Hawkins
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9EF4Yr6k0M Makrokosmos, Clip #3] video of performance by Scot Hawkins
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TgFXdHbQJw Makrokosmos, Clip #4] video of performance by Scot Hawkins
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMRZKUvK1Io Makrokosmos, Clip #5] video of performance by Scot Hawkins