Igor Sikorsky

Infobox Person
name=Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky


birth_date=25 May 1889
birth_place=Kiev, Russian Empire
death_date=26 October 1972
death_place=Easton, Connecticut
other_names=
known_for=first successful American helicopter
occupation=aircraft designer
nationality=Russian-American
spouse=
parents=
children=

Igor Sikorsky (25 May 1889 – 26 October 1972)citeweb |url=http://www.aviation.technomuses.ca/pdf/sikorsky.pdf |title=Igor Sikorsky: One Man, Three Careers |last=Fortier |first=Rénald |accessdate=2007-01-12|year=1996] was born "Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky" ( _ru. Игорь Иванович Сикорский). Sikorsky was a Russian-American pioneer of aviation who designed and flew the world's first multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft, developed the first of Pan American Airways' ocean-conquering flying boats in the 1930s, and developed the first successful American helicopter.

Biography

Igor Sikorsky was born in Kiev, Russian Empire (now the capital of Ukraine), as the youngest of five children.

Early life

Sikorsky's father, Ivan Alexeevich Sikorsky, was a professor of psychology from mixed Russian and Polish ethnicity (he was half Polish and half Russian). The origin of the Sikorsky family is in the Polish szlachta that was deported after the failure of the January Uprising. Ivan Alexeevich Sikorsky was a son and grandson of Russian Orthodox Church priests. He held monarchist and Russian nationalist views, and those affected his son's political views. [ [http://www.interesniy.kiev.ua/new/opinions/desyaterik/24 25 мая родился в Киеве Сикорский, отец вертолета. / Статьи Д.Десятерика / Киев на кончике пера / Новый Город / Главная ] ] [ [http://berkovich-zametki.com/2005/Zametki/Nomer10/Domil1.htm Domil1 ] ] [ [http://www.archipelag.ru/authors/kutuzov/?library=2140 Русский архипелаг - Авторы - Гений полёта ] ] [ [http://www.rusk.ru/svod.php?date=2007-02-14 Русская линия / Новости / Полная сводка новостей от 14.02.2007 ] ] [http://www.is.svitonline.com/v_menzhulin/Vvedenie.pdf] [ [http://www.russk.ru/st.php?idar=710455 Русская линия / Новости / Сергей Сикорский молился на могиле своих славных предков ] ]

Igor Sikorsky's mother, Mariya Stefanovna Sikorskaya (nee Temryuk-Cherkasova), who was half Ukrainian (on the paternal side) and half Russian (on the maternal side), was a physician who did not work professionally. While homeschooling young Igor, she gave him a great love for art, especially in the life and work of Leonardo da Vinci, and the stories of Jules Verne. He started to experiment with model flying machines, and, by age 12, he had made a small rubber band-powered helicopter. [ [http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/ECCE/SIKORSKY.HTM VIVOS VOCO: В.Р. Михеев, "Игорь Иванович Сикорский" ] ] [ [http://www.pravmir.ru/article_2402.html MAX.RU - интернет портал ] ]

Sikorsky studied at the Russian Naval War College in Saint Petersburg from 1903 through 1909, but did not finish formal studies. For a short time, during late 1906 and early 1907, he studied engineering in Paris. In 1908, Sikorsky and his father traveled to Germany; there, he saw a newspaper picture of Orville Wright and his airplane. Sikorsky later said about this event: "Within twenty-four hours, I decided to change my life's work. I would study aviation."

With financial backing from his sister, Sikorsky returned to Paris, in 1909. Paris was then the center of aviation in Europe. He met several French pilots, including Louis Blériot, the first person to fly across the English Channel. Sikorsky returned to Kiev the same year and started to experiment with flying machines.

Aircraft designer

In 1912, Igor Sikorsky became Chief Engineer in the Russian Baltic Railroad Car Factory in Saint Petersburg.citebook|last=Lake|first=Jon|title=The Great book of Bombers - The world's most important bombers from World War I to the present day|year=2002|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|isbn=0-7603-1347-4|pages=31] In 1914, he was awarded the Degree in Engineering "Honoris Causa" by Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute.

During a demonstration of his record-setting S-5, [in 1911, the S-5 set an aircraft speed record of 70 mph (110 km/h)] the plane had to make a forced landing. It was discovered that a mosquito had flown into the gasoline and been drawn into the carburetor. The close call convinced Sikorsky of the need for an aircraft that could continue flying if it lost an engine. [ "Current Biography" 1940, pp. 734-36 ] . His next aircraft, the S-6 utilized two engines and was selected by the Russian Army.

Other early work included the construction, as chief engineer, of the first four-engine aircraft, the "Bolshoi Baltiski", which he called Le Grand. He was also the test pilot for its first flight, on 13 May 1913. Sikorsky's planes were used by Russia as bombers in World War I — for example, the "Ilya Muromets", the world's first four-engined bomber. He was decorated with the Order of St. Vladimir.

After World War I, Igor Sikorsky briefly became an engineer for the French forces in Russia during the Russian Civil War. Seeing little opportunity for himself as an aircraft designer in war-torn Europe (and particularly Russia, ravaged by the October Revolution and Civil War), he emigrated to the United States in 1919. [Historian [http://www.selu.edu/acad_research/depts/hist_ps/faculty/bio/heleniak.html Roman Heleniak] cites Sikorsky's situation as an argument for a welcoming disposition toward immigrants on the part of the United States (see http://www.hammondstar.com/articles/2008/01/25/opinion/columnists/9444.txt).]

In the United States, Sikorsky first worked as a school teacher and a lecturer, while looking for an opportunity in the aviation industry. In 1923, helped by several former Russian army officers, he formed the Sikorsky Aero Engineering Company. Among Sikorsky's chief supporters was composer Sergei Rachmaninoff, who introduced himself by writing a check for $5,000 [roughly $61,000 in 2007 dollars] . Though his prototype was damaged in its first test flight, Sikorsky persuaded his reluctant backers to invest another $2,500; with it, he produced the S-29, one of the first twin-engine planes in America, with a capacity for 14 passengers and a speed of 115 mph. [ Id. at p 735 ] The performance of the S-29, slow though it was compared to military aircraft of even 1918, proved to be a "make or break" moment for Sikorsky's funding.

American citizen

In 1928, Sikorsky became a naturalized citizen of the United States. The next year, Sikorsky Aero Engineering Company was purchased by, and became a subsidiary of, United Aircraft, itself now a part of United Technologies Corporation. The company manufactured flying boats, such as the S-42, used by Pan Am for trans-Atlantic flights and known as "Pan Am Clippers".

Sikorsky had experimented unsuccessfully with helicopter-type flying machines while in Russia. He brought his work to fruition on 14 September 1939 with the first flight of the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300, a machine with a single three-blade rotor and three tail rotors powered by a 75 horsepower (56 kW) engine. Its first free (untethered) flight was on 1940 May 26. The VS-300 was the first successful American helicopter to fly.

Marriage and children

Sikorsky had a daughter born in Russia and four sons born in the United States. His eldest son, Sergei, remained active with the company following Igor's death in 1972.

Death and afterward

Sikorsky died at his home in Easton, Connecticut, on 1972 October 26. The Sikorsky Bridge, which carries the Merritt Parkway across the Housatonic River next to the Sikorsky corporate headquarters, is named for him. Sikorsky has been designated a Connecticut Aviation Pioneer by the Connecticut State Legislature. The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in Stratford, Connecticut, continues to the present day as one of the world's leading helicopter manufacturers, and a nearby small airport has been named Sikorsky Airport.

Philosophical and/or political views

Sikorsky was a deeply religious Russian Orthodox Christian and authored two religious and philosophical books ("The Message of the Lord's Prayer" and "The Invisible Encounter"). [http://www.russk.ru/st.php?idar=710455 Русская линия / Новости / Сергей Сикорский молился на могиле своих славных предков ] ]

See also

* Aerosan—Sikorsky built some of these propeller-powered sleighs in 1909–10.
* Il'ya Muromets - Second aircraft designed by Igor Sikorsky
* Sikorsky Prize - A prize for human powered helicopters named in his honor.
* 10090 Sikorsky, an asteroid named in honor of Igor Sikorsky
* Timeline of hydrogen technologies

References

Further reading

* Sikorsky's autobiography, "The Story of the Winged S." (originally published 1938; updated editions, various years up to 1948)
* Frank J. Delear, "Igor Sikorsky: His Three Careers in Aviation" (New York, 1969) - described as "the only biography" [http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ctsince1929/sikorsky.htm]

External links

* : "Aircraft, especially aircraft of the direct lift amphibian type and means of construction and operating the same"
* [http://www.alexanderpalace.org/aerialrussia/ Igor Sikorsky] Aerial Russia - the Romance of the Giant Aeroplane - early days of Igor Sikorsky online book
* [http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ctsince1929/sikorsky.htm Igor Sikorsky] article from [http://www.ctheritage.org/ ctheritage.org] (reference)
* [http://www.sikorsky.com/details/0,3036,CLI1_DIV69_ETI683,00.html Biography from Sikorsky company]
* [http://www.sikorskyarchives.com Official Sikorsky historical archives]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/archive/covers/0,16641,1101531116,00.html Igor Sikorsky] . Time magazine. 16 November 1953. (Cover)
* [http://neam.org/cont_about.htm New England Air Museum] in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, has extensive Sikorsky exhibits
* [http://voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2002-03/a-2002-03-22-9-1.cfm?CFID=27800452&CFTOKEN=50694402 "VOICE OF AMERICA: EXPLORATIONS - March 27, 2002: Igor Sikorsky"]
* [http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=177175 Igor [e-mail]]
* [http://www.transatlanticflightpby.com/ Transatlantic Re-enactment Flight]

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