George-Étienne Cartier

Sir George-Étienne Cartier, Bart., KCMG, PC (September 6, 1814 – May 20, 1873) was a French-Canadian statesman and Father of Confederation. The English spelling of the name, George, instead of Georges, the usual French spelling, is explained by his having been named in honour of King George III.

In the years leading up to Confederation, Cartier was a dominant figure in the politics of
Canada East as leader of the Parti Bleu. In 1838 he returned to Montreal after a year in exile for his role in the anti-government rebellion. Cartier had several reasons for supporting Confederation, notably his fear of American expansion. He officially entered politics in 1848. During his long career he promoted the establishment of the Civil Code as the formal law of Canada East. He also promoted the introduction of primary education in the province. He died in London, England on May 20, 1873.

=Early career= George-Étienne Cartier (pronounced|ʒɔʀʒ etsjɛn kaʀˈtsje in French) was born in Saint-Antoine, Quebec (then known as Lower Canada). Cartier was educated at Sulpician College de Montréal and was called to the bar in 1835 where he began to practise his profession. He was also involved in the railway business, and Grand Trunk Railway was one of his legal clients.

Early in his career, Cartier was inspired by Louis-Joseph Papineau. Through this connection, Cartier became a member of the Société des Fils de la Liberté (“Sons of Liberty”) and took part in the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 at the Battle of St-Denis. For his part in the uprising, Cartier was exiled and he took temporary refuge in Vermont. However, he was allowed to return to Montreal in 1838 to resume his law practice.

On his return to Lower Canada in 1839, which was now Canada East of the Province of Canada, Cartier resumed his law practice. He was a member of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society and became active in politics as campaign manager of Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine. In 1848, Cartier gave up his law practice and ran for office as a Reformer and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. During his time in the Union parliament, Cartier introduced a bill in 1852 for the creation of the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada. In 1854 Cartier was appointed to cabinet. From 1857 to 1862 he served alongside John A. Macdonald as co-premier of the united province. Cartier was a loyal friend of Macdonald, with whom he created the Great Coalition with George Brown in 1864. The purpose of the Great Coalition was to end the political instability in the province, which had six governments in as many years.

The Great Coalition was one of the first steps in the movement towards Confederation. He attended all three of the conferences convened for this purpose: Quebec, Charlottetown, and London. Cartier was largely responsible for gaining French-Canadian support for union.

Cartier also played a leading role in pushing through legislative reform that effectively abolished the semi-feudal seigneurial system of land ownership in Lower Canada, turning its legislative council into an elected body of representatives, and pushed successfully for the adoption of the Civil Code within the province.

Political life in Dominion of Canada

Upon the creation of Canada in 1867, Macdonald became Prime Minister and Cartier was his Minister of Militia and Defence. As the law of the time allowed membership in both the federal and provincial governments, Cartier ran in the 1867 Quebec provincial election. Cartier was elected as a Conservative supporter of the Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau government. As a result, Cartier was both a member of the Parliament of Canada and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

Federally, Cartier represented the Montreal East following the conclusion of Canada's first election on 20 September 1867. At the next federal election on August 1872, he was defeated by Louis-Amable Jetté while seeking a second term in Montreal East in the face of the Pacific Scandal. The following month Cartier was acclaimed the victor in the Manitoba riding of Provencher after Louis Riel and Henry James Clarke resigned as candidates there. It is notable that Cartier had feigned to support an amnesty for Riel for his role in setting up a Provisional government in the Northwest but that in reality the Conservative government had no wish for such an amnesty for the Metis leader.

During his tenure in Ottawa, Cartier was responsible for the negotiations with Britain and the Hudson's Bay Company for the purchase of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory by Canada. Cartier was also an active participant in the negotiations that lead to the creation of the province of Manitoba and the entry of British Columbia into Confederation. In keeping with his ties to the railways, in 1872 Cartier introduced a bill for the creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Illness

In 1871, experienced the first symptoms of Bright's Disease, a kidney disease. After the 1872 election, Cartier traveled to London hoping to find a cure. His health did not improve and he died in London on May 20, 1873 at the age of 58. He was unable to pay a visit to his Manitoba riding where he was acclaimed a Member of Parliament. His body was brought back to Canada, and interred in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-des-Neiges in Montreal, following a public funeral procession.

Legacy

The entry of Canada East (Quebec) into the Confederation is Cartier's most significant contribution to his country. Following the rebellions in 1837/1838 and the Durham Report, Upper and Lower Canada were merged into a single colony. Great Britain had begun to loosen its ties to the North American colonies. The United States was becoming more and more powerful, and represented a threat to Canada. In 1864, George Brown, leader of the Clear Grits in Canada West (Ontario), proposed an alliance with the Conservatives of "Macdonald" and "Cartier". In 1867, following a series of discussions and conferences (at Charlottetown and Quebec), the alliance known as the "Grand Coalition" succeeded in forging the agreement which gave birth to the Confederation. From this time onwards, the new federal government convened in Ottawa. In 1834 he contributed to founding the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste patriotic society, where he sang his famous poem Ô Canada, mon pays! mes amours! (not to be confused with the national anthem of Canada). [cite web | title = Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site of Canada | publisher = Parks Canada | url = http://www2.parkscanada.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/qc/etiennecartier/natcul/natcul2_E.asp | accessdate = 2007-10-23 ]

Honours and memorials

During his lifetime, Cartier was appointed as a knight commander of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George. As a result, Cartier was entitled to use the prenomial "Sir" and postomial "KCMG". In addition, he had the prenomial "the Honourable" and the postnomial "PC" for life by virture of being made a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on July 1, 1867. [Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada Historical alphabetical list since 1867. Privy Council Office. [http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=privycouncilmembers&doc=pcmembershistlist-A-E_e.htm#C] ]

Ontario's Macdonald-Cartier Freeway (Hwy 401) is named after Cartier and fellow Father of Confederation John A. Macdonald, and also Ottawa's International airport named Macdonald-Cartier International Airport. The former Macdonald-Cartier High School of Saint-Hubert, Quebec, was named after John A. Macdonald and Cartier, which has merged and became Heritage Regional High School.

Cartier's residence in Montreal, at 458 Notre-Dame Street East, is now the Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site of Canada [http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/qc/etiennecartier/index_e.asp] dedicated to his life and achievements. It also serves to recall the architectural heritage and lifestyles of the upper middle class of 19th century Montreal.

In 1931, Canada Post issued a ten cent postage stamp with Cartier's portrait surrounded by the national symbol, the maple leaf.

Numerous streets in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada have been named for Cartier, as has the Montreal Metro's Cartier station in Laval, Quebec.

Several schools have been named in his honour:

*George-Étienne Cartier French catholic primary school in Ottawa, Ontario. [École élémentaire catholique George-Étienne-Cartier. School website. [http://georges-etienne-cartier.ecolecatholique.ca/fr/English_Information_s105.html] ]
*George-Étienne-Cartier French preschool in Longueuil, Quebec [École préscolaire/primaire George-Étienne-Cartier. School website. [http://www.csmv.qc.ca/8repertoire/vieuxlongueuil/023.html] ]
*George-Étienne Cartier French catholic primary school in Toronto, Ontario [École Georges-Étienne-Cartier. School website. [http://gec.csdccs.edu.on.ca/] ]

References

External links

* [http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.asp?Language=E&Page=ImportantNotices "The Privy Council Office" ]
* [http://www.pc.gc.ca/avis-notice_E.asp#noncommercial "The Parks Canada Agency"]
* [http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/encyclopedia/GeorgeEtienneCartierindex.htm Extensive biographies, documents and studies on George-Étienne Cartier from Marianopolis College]
* [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4884 Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"]
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001438 Entry in "The Canadian Encyclopedia"]
*Parlbio|ID=15759

Biographies

*Alastair Sweeny, "George-Étienne Cartier: A Biography" (1976, Introduction by W.L. Morton) ISBN 0-7710-8363-7

See also

*List of Presidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal