Blue ice (glacial)

Blue ice occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of a glacier that winds its way toward a body of water (river, lake, ocean, etc.). During its travels, all of the air bubbles that are trapped in the ice are squeezed out, and the size of the ice crystals increases, making it clear.

In some areas, earthquakes have raised the blue ice above the ground and created formations much like large frozen waves.

The blue color is often wrongly attributed to Rayleigh scattering. Rather, the ice is blue for the same reason water is blue: it is a result of an overtone of a OH molecular stretch in the water which absorbs light at the red end of the visible spectrum. [ [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm Why Is Water Blue ] ]

Runways

Blue ice is exposed in areas of Antarctic where there is no net addition or subtraction of snow. That is, any snow that falls in that area is counteracted by sublimation or other losses. These areas have been used as runways [Wilkins Runway] due to their hard ice surface which is suitable for aircraft fitted with wheels rather than skis.

References

* [http://webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/5C.html Why is ice blue?]
* [http://www.ume.maine.edu/iceage/Research/projects/blueice.html Glaciology of Blue Ice Areas in Antarctica]
* [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/marslife/slide_14.html Blue Ice in Antarctica]
* [http://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/history/blueice.html Blue Ice Runways in Antarctica]
* [http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~tonyt/Domec/ Blue Ice images from Antarctica]